Test 57: All Flashcards by Bina Malapur

What is minute ventilation

total volume of gas entering lungs per minute

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equation for minute ventilation

= Tidal volume times breaths/min

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What is alveolar ventilation

volume of new air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

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equation for alveolar ventilation

( tidal volume - dead space volume ) times breaths/minute

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What does physiologic dead space consist of

anatomic dead space: space in conducting airways

2. alveolar dead space

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equation for physiologic dead space

tidal volume * (PaCo - PeCo)/(PaCo)

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Protein conjugation in vaccine causes what immune response

T cell mediated immune response leading to long-term immunity through production of memory B-lymphocytes

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Vaccine with just polysaccharide capsule elicits what immune response

antibody-mediated (B cell) immune response

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What is the course of the great saphenous vein

originates on medial side of foot
courses anterior to medial malleolus
travels up medial aspect of leg and thigh

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where does great saphenous vein drain

femoral view within region of femoral triangle

- few centimeters inferolateral to pubic tubercle

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What nerves passes through the jugular foramen

9, 10, 11

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Loss of CN IX

loss of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

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loss of CN IX, X

loss of gag reflex

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loss of X

soft palate drop with deviation of uvula toward normal side

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What is lactose-fermenting and indole-positive gram-negative rods

E. coli

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What type of thyroid hormone is the major secretory product of thyroid gland

T4 ( thyroxine)

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Which is the most active form of thyroid hormone

T3 ( triiodothyronine)

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what is reverse T3 (rT3)

inactive form that is generated almost entirely from peripheral conversion of T4

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what is the peripheral conversion of thyroid hormone

deiodination of T4 to T3

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which thyroid hormone has a shorter half life

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DNA synthesis occurs in what direction

5’ –>3’

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Role of 5’–>3’ exonuclease

remove RNA primers

- remove damaged DNA segments

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Role of 3’ –> 5’ exonuclease

proofreading function, removes and replaces mismatched nucletodies

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people with Beta thalassemia have what type of anemia

hypochromic, microcytic anemia

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Eukaryotic translation initiation requires assembly of what

ribosomal subunits ( 60S and 40S)

where is Kozak consensus sequence found and what does it to

- eukaryotic mRNA | - helps initiate translation at the methionine start codon ( AUG)

Kozak sequence is analogous to what other sequence

Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. Coli

What is in the Kozak sequence

(gcc)gccRccAUGG | R= adnenine or guanine

What is bronchiolitis obliterans? when is it seen?

- small airway obstruction | - chronic transplant rejection

what goes wrong in acute transplant rejection of lung

- pulmonary and bronchial vessels are main target of damage

Valsalva maneuver increases what tone

vagal tone

What is the most important muscle used in Valsalva maneuver

rectus abdominis

what is the optochin for step. pneumoniae

optochin sensitive

bile solubility for strep. pneumoniae

bile soluble.

What does testosterone develop

- internal male genitalia - spermatogensis - male sexual differentiation at puberty

what does DHT develop

- external male genitalia - growth of prostate - male-pattern hair growth

Where is type 1 and type 2 5alpha-reductase found

1: post pubescent skin 2: genitals

Structure of insulin receptor

1. 2 alpha on outside | 2. 2 beta inside containing tyrosine kinase

how does TNF-alpha impact insulin

induces insulin resistance through activation of serine kinases ( phosphorylate serine residues on beta subunits of IR and IRS-1)

what is gestational choriocarcinoma? when does it occur?

malignant tumor arises from trophoblasts | - preceded by normal pregnancy

clinical features of gestational choriocarcinoma

- vaginal bleeding | - increase Beta-hCG levels

most common location of mets for gestational choriocarcioma

hematogenous spread to lungs

When is base excision repair used

to correct single-base DNA defects induced spontaneously or by exogenous chemicals

List the order of base excision repair

1. glycosylase 2. AP-endonuclease 3. Lyase 4. DNA polymerase 5. DNA ligase

Excessive consumption of what promotes deamination of cytosine, adenine, and guanine to form uracil

dietary nitrates

Immediate hypersensitivity refers to what

type 1 hypersensitivity

What type of antibodies are found in hyper acute transplant rejection

preformed IgG antibodies

What is primase

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that incorporates short RNA primers into replicating DNA

What is derived form proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

- ACTH - MSH - Beta-endorphin

what is Somatomedin C? what is it structurally similar to

- IGF-1 | - insulin

What is the most common cause of bloody or serosanguineous nipple discharge

intraductal papilloma

Breslow depth

- how deep melanoma is

equation for probability of at least getting 1 positive test result with 95% of patient testing negative for the disease they do not have

(1-.95^(number participating))

What do I have? oculomotor dysfunction, ataxia, and confusion

Werkicke syndrome

What is Korsakoff syndrome

- complication of Wernicke encephalopathy | - permanent memory loss and confabulation

Meconium ileus is a specific finding for what disease

cystic fibrosis

what is meconium ileus

- meconium plug obstructs intestine , preventing stool passage at birth

symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention have been linked to what hormones

reduced levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex

first line drug treatment for school-aged children with ADHD

- stimulant drugs: methylphenidate and amphetamines

where is psoas muscle located

- anterior surface of transverse processes and lateral surface of vertebral bodies T12-L5

Job of psoas muscle

- flex thigh at hip

the anterior pituitary originates from what germ layer

surface ectoderm

Latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve

thoracodorsal nerve

function of latissimus dorsi

- extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus

Merocrine gland

release watery secretory product via exocytosis with no loss of cell membrane

Apocrine gland

release membrane-bound vesicles containing secretory product

Holocrine gland

release the entire content of cells via cell lysis

what type of gland is involved with acne

sebaceous gland is a type of Holocene gland

name 2 types of exocrine glands

1. apocrine | 2. merocrine

Subdural hematoma involves what vessesls

bridging cortical veins

CT scan for subdural hematoma

cresecent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines

What is analysis of variance

check differences between means of 3 or more groups

what is T-test used for

compare differences between the means of 2 groups

Pearson correlation

measure of strength and direction of linear relationship between 2 variables.

Glanzmann thrombasthenia

AR: deficient or defective glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa

what is Abciximab

GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist

MOA of Clopidogrel

block P2Y12 on platelet ADP receptor

Test 57: All Flashcards

(77 cards)