Test74: All Flashcards by Bina Malapur

Histoplasma capsulatum is located where

within macrophages

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what systems does histoplasma capsulatum affect

lungs and reticuloendothelial

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Where does Histoplasma capsulate occur

Mississippi and Ohio River basins

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Multinucleated spherules

Coccidioides immitis

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Budding yeast with a thick capsule

Cryptococcus neoformans

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Pseudohypae and blastoconidia

Candida

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Septate hyphae with dichotomous branching

Aspergillus fumigatus

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Define Confounding bias

exposure-disease relationship is muddied by the effect of an extraneous factor that has correlations with both the exposure and disease

false association of an exposure with a disease

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Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

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Lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic pattern

Paget disease

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Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae

Vitamin D deficiency

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Spongiosa filling medullary canals with no mature trabeculae

Osteopetrosis

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Trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections

Osteroporosis

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What is the most common cause of hydatid cysts in liver

Echinococcus granulosus

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Spilling of cyst contents from hydatid cysts cases wha

anaphylasis

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Treatment for Echinoccus granulosus

Albendazole

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Most common cause of cystic fibrosis

3-base pair deletion in CFTR gene at amino acid position Ph508

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What is wrong in CFTR in cystic fibrosis

impairs posttranslational porcessing

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polyadenylation

a tail comprised of multiple adenosine nucleotides is added to the 3’ end of new mRNA transcript

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Cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase what does it do?

converts Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA during rate limiting step of de novo fatty acid synthesis

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What does cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibit?

mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase, therefore inhibiting beta-oxidation of newly formed fatty acids

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Malonyl-CoA inhibits what

carnitine acyltransferase - prevent fatty acid breakdown

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What is cirnitine and what is it used for

amino acid

- transport of fatty acids through mitochondrial membrane

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What part of the TCA cycle can form fatty acids

citrate

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major pathogen in burn patients

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

``` CAMPFIRE Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Monobactams Polymyxins Fluroquinolones thIRd and 4th generation cephalosporins Extended-spectrum penicillins ```

Can Moxifloxacin treat Pseudomonas

No, Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are better

First aortic arch

maxillary artery | CN V

second aortic arch

stapedial artery ( regresses in humans) hyoid artery CNII

5th aortic arch

regesses so nothing

3rth aortic arch

- Common Carotid - Internal carotid CNIX

4th aortic arch

ture aortic arch - portion of subclavian arteries CNX

6th aortic arch

pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus | CNX

What is a common cause of Hep A. outbreaks in the US

raw or steamed shellfish

Boiled eggs insufficiently cooked has what risk of infection

Salmonella

Tissue hypoxia impairs what process in cells

oxidative phosphorylation | - causes shunting of pyruvate to lactate

Elderly patient with dementia or hemiparesis may have dysphagia, this is a risk factor for?

aspiration pneumonia

Unprovoked syncope in a previously asymptomatic young person can have what inherited heart probelm

QT prolongation syndrome

What are 2 syndromes with QT prolongatoin

1. Romano-Ward syndrome | 2. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

Romano-Ward syndrome

autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype ( no deafness)

Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome

autosomal recessive, sensorinerual deafness

What decreases the rate of diastolic depolarization and heart rate via SA and AV nodes? its a molecule

ACh and adenosine

How does adenosine prolong phase 4

increase potassium conductance

Muscle spindle system

feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle length

Golgi tendon system

feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle force - senstive to increase in muscle tension - insensitive to passive stretch

alpha-detla fibers detect what

temperature and nociceptive stimuli

what causes increase expiratory flow rates in restrictive lung disease

- increase lung elastic recoil | - increase air widening due to radial traction ( outward pulling)

finding of Auer rods is a diagnosis for what

acute myeloid leukemia

mitochondiral vacuolization is what type of cell injury

irreversible

organ susceptibility to infarction after occlusion of a feeding artery is ranked from greatest to least as follows:

1. central nervous system 2. myocardium 3. kidney 4. spleen 5. liver ( b/c of dual blood supply)

Who supplies blood to the AV node

posterior descending artery via AV nodal artery

Berry aneurysms are associated with what other human problems

1. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | 2. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Lansoprazole is what type of drug?

proton pump inhibitor - blocks final common pathway of gastric acid secretion from parietal cells which is stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin

Kegal exercises targets what muscles

Levator ani muscles 1. iliococcygeus 2. pubococcygeus 3. puborectalis

MOA for Raloxifene

selective estrogen receptor modulator - Bone: agonist - mammary tissue: antagonist

Horizontal transection of rectus abdomens muscle during C-section must be performed with caution, why?

inferior epigastric arteries enter this muscle at level of arcuate line - no supporting posterior rectus sheath below arcuate line

Glargine and detemir insulin

basal long-acting insulins

NPH insulin is good for what

18 hours | 2 shots a day

Lispro, aspart, and glulisine

short acting insulins

MOA for Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and empagliflozen

block reabsorption of glucose in PCT

Posterior cerebral artery comes off of what artery and supplies what nerve

basilar artery | III and IV

what antibiotic can lead to dose dependent cytopenias and dose independent aplastic anemia

chloramphenicol

MOA of Chloramphenicol

blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit | - bacteriostatic

Which antibiotic has adverse effects of increased creatinine phosphokinase levels and increased incidence of myopathy

Daptomycin

MOA for Daptomycin

lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane of gram + cocci

what is daptomycin usually used for

- S. aureus skin infections (MRSA) - bacteremia - endocarditis - VRE

When should Daptomycin not be used

pneumonia | - avidly binds to and is inactivated by surfactant

What nerve is resoponsible for external hemorrhoids

inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve