Test 8-10: All Flashcards
1
Q
What are lab values for Hereditary Spherocytosis
A
- increase mean corpuscular [hemoglobin]
- spherocytes on peripheral smear
- positive osmotic fragility test on acidifed glycerol lysis test
2
Q
Hereditary spherocytosis results from red cell cytoskeleton abnormalities, most commonly of what
A
spectrin and ankyrin
3
Q
what do spherocytes look like
A
- small, round RBC
- no central pallor
4
Q
Spherocytes are prone to sequestration and subsequent accelerated destruction where
A
in spleen
5
Q
what are some clinical features of hereditary spherocytosis
A
- hemolytic anemia
- jaundince
- splenomegaly
6
Q
First trimester use of Valproate is a significant risk factor for what
A
neural tube defects
7
Q
What can reduce risk of neural tube defect
A
periconceptional folate ( B9) supplementation
8
Q
Lithium can cause what fetal problems
A
Ebstein anomaly
9
Q
findings of hillier adenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, and non-caveating lung granulomas in an african american female has what
A
sarcoidosis
10
Q
Th1 type CD4+ helper T cell make what cytokines
A
IL-2
IFN-gamma
11
Q
Th2 type CD4+ helper T cell make what cytokines
A
IL-4
IL-5
12
Q
COPD can cause hypoxia sufficient to stimulate
A
increased erythropoietin production by cortical cells of kidney
13
Q
FRC increased or decreased in COPD
A
increased
14
Q
So in biostats, if something asks for the probability, what is it most likely looking for
A
positive or negative predictive value
15
Q
positive and negative predictive value changes with what
A
prevalence
16
Q
how is Lesch-Nyhan inherited
A
X-linked recessive
17
Q
Lesch-Nyhan is a deficiency in what
A
hypoxantine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
18
Q
Define N-myc
A
transcription factor
- Binds DNA
- gain of function
19
Q
During skeletal muscle contraction, calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to what
A
Troponin C
20
Q
name the dopaminergic pathways in the brain
A
- mesolimbinc and mesocortical pathways
- nigrostriatal pathway
- tuberoinfundibular pathway
21
Q
role of mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway
A
regulate cognition and behavior
22
Q
role of nigrostriatal pathway
A
coordination of voluntary movements
23
Q
role of tuberoinfundibular pathway
A
inhibit prolactin secretion
24
Q
What drug can disrupt the tuberoinfundibular pathway
A
D2 receptor blocking antipsychotics
25
arcuate fasciculus connects what
broca and wernicke
26
Disruption of hypothalamospinal tract can cause
ipsilateral horner sindrome
27
What drug inhibits IL-2 signal transduction ( prevents response to IL-2)
Sirolimus (Rapamycin)
28
MOA for Sirolimus
- binds to FKBP in cytoplams
- complex binds mTOR
- blocks IL-2
29
MOA for Bortezomib
binds and inhibits 26S proteasome
30
MOA for Mycophenolate
- reversibly inhibits IMP dehydrogenase
| - preventing purine synthesis
31
MOA for Rituximab
antibody against CD20 antigen ( b lymphocyte)
32
When is Beta-hCG detected in serum during pregnancy
8 days after fertilization
33
When is Beta-hCH detected in mother urine during pregnancy
14 days after fertilization
34
A result is considered statistically significant if the 95% confidence interval does not cross the null value, which corresponds to what p-value
less than 0.05
35
What lab technique can be used to determine the carrier status of a prospective parent who has no history of sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin electrophoresis
36
Which cell is responsible for dense deposition of extracellular matrix and collagen in atherosclerotic plaque
Smooth muscle cells
37
Patient with swollen gums, scattered ecchymosis and hyperkeratosis is what vitamin deficient?
C
38
Vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of?
proline and lysine residues in pro-collagen
39
During aerobic exercise, increases skeletal muscle production of what where in the circulation system? decreases?
CO2 in mixed venous blood
| - decreased oxygen content in venous blood
40
What does chromatin cells release? what stimulus do chromatin cells respond to
- catecholamines
| - acetylcholine
41
What causes medial fragment of fractured clavicle to displace superiorly
- sternocleidomastoid muscle
42
What causes inferior displacement of lateral fragment of clavicle?
weight of arm and pectorals major muscle
43
Which antibody does not cross the placenta
IgM
44
Which antibody does cross the placenta
IgG
45
With maternal blood types A and B do erythroblastosis fetalis and hemolytic disease of the newborn occur? why?
no
- antibody A or B are IgM
- does not cross the placenta
46
With maternal blood type O do erythroblastosis fettles and hemolytic disease of the newborn occur? why
yes
- antibodies are predominantly IgG
- cross placenta
47
Hypo-acetylated histones bind to what? what happens
DNA
| - prevent transcription of genes
48
Role of histone acetylation
- relaxes DNA coiling
| - allowing for transcription
49
In huntington disease, abnormal huntingtin causes what process in the genome? This causes what
histone deacetylation
| - silencing genes necessary for neuronal survival
50
Crescent formation on light microscopy is diagnostic of what disease
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
51
The crescents in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis consist of what
- fibrin
- glomerular parietal cells
- monocytes
- macrophages
52
What is the cause of open-angle glaucoma
elevated intraocular pressure
53
Where does Timolol, betaxolol, and carteolol work on the eye
- decrease humor synthesis at ciliary epithelium
54
How does Acetazolamide work at the eye
- decreases aqueous humor at the ciliary epithelium
55
How do Prostaglandin F2 alpha and cholinomimetics work at the eye
- decrease intraocular pressure by increasing outlaw of aqueous humor
56
Who produces aqueous humor in the eye
epithelial cells of ciliary body
57
Essential fructosuria , what goes wrong
fructokinase deficiency
58
How does fructose get metabolized in fructosuria
fructose --> via hexokinase --> fructose-6-phosphate
| - enters glycolysis
59
Fructose is normal phosphorylated by what? making what
- fructokinase
| - fructose-1-phosphate
60
what are symptoms for fructokinase deficiency
asymptomatic
61
What is wrong in fructose intolerance
- aldolase B deficiency
| - build up of toxic fructose-1-phosphate
62
Define Sciatica
nonspecific term for lo back pain that radiates down the leg due to compression of lumosacral nerve root
- S1 nerve root in most common
63
Characterize S1 radioculopathy
- pain and sensory loss down posterior thigh and calf to the lateral aspect of foot
- weakness on thigh extension
- absent ankle jerk reflex
64
L2 or L3 radiculopathy characterize
- pain radiating down anterior thigh with weakness on hip flexion
65
Acute bacterial arthritis in sexually active young adults is commonly caused by what
Neisseria gonorhoeae
66
Neisseria gonorrhoaea is facultative intracellular cells seen in what type of cell
neutrophils
67
Someone with low body weight, intense fear of becoming fat, and distorted body image
Anorexia nervosa
68
lanugo
fine, soft hair covering body/limb
69
When do you see lanugo
anorexia nervosa
70
At age 3, a child is expected to do what
- play imaginatively in parallel
- speak in simple sentences
- copy a circle
- use utensils
- ride a tricycle
71
An increase in estrogen activity, as seen in pregnancy or post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy, increases levels of what molecule?
Thyroxine-binding globulin
| - increase total thyroid hormone
72
why does feedback control remain normal in increase thyroxine-binding globulin production from increase estrogen
level of free thyroid hormone remains normal
73
What are signs of patella fracture
- acutely swollen knee
- focal petella tenderness
- inability to extend the knee against gravity
- palpable gap in extensor mechanism
74
What is the patellar reflex
- L3, 4 kick the door
75
What are 2 common ways to get a patella fracuture
- direct blow
| - excessive force
76
young, asymptomatic patient with a soft systolic ejection murmur at the right intercostal space most likely has what heart problem
bicuspid aortic valve
77
What causes overflow incontinence
impaired detrusor contractility or bladder outlet obstruction
78
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is common in type 1 diabetics and can cause what bladder problems and how
- overflow incontinence
| - inability to sense a full bladder and incomplete emptying
79
What is gastroparesis? who is it usually seen in
- delayed gastric emptying
| - diabetic neuropathy
80
What can confirm inadequate bladder emptying in overflow incontinence ?
- increased postvoid residual (PVR) testing with ultrasound or catheterization
81
Another name for Neurofibromatosis type I
Recklinghausen disease
82
What is wrong in Neurofibromatosis type I
mutation in NF1 tumor suppressor gene
83
Neurofibromatosis type I have cutaneous neurofibromas comprised of what? embryologically derived from
- Schwann cells
| - neural crest
84
In Males, LH stimulates what
-release of testosterone from Leydig cells of the testes
85
in males, FSH stimulates what
- release of inhibit B from Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules
86
What has a negative feedback on LH in males
testosterone
87
What has a negative feedback on FSH in males
inhibin B
88
What is the main adverse effect seen with nitrate therapy
- headaches and cutaneous flushing along with lightheadedness
- hypotension due to systemic vasodilation
89
what cell cannot use ketones as an energy source? and why?
erythrocytes due to lack of mitochondria
90
what is N-formyl-tetrahydrofolate another name?
foiling acid
| leucovorin
