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Test52: pathology Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Episodic headache, tachycardia, and diaphoresis highly suggests

A

pheochromocytoma

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2
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating

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3
Q

Describe Cheyne-stroke breathing

A

cyclic breathing: apnea is followed by gradually increasing then decreasing tidal volumes until next apnea period

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4
Q

Enteric bacteria of gut can produce what

A

vitamin K and folate

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5
Q

What is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

A

overproduction of vitamin K and folate,

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6
Q

The small bowel mucosa of patients with primary lactase deficiency have what histology

A

normal

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7
Q

Nasal mucosal ulcerations and glomerulonephritis is characteristic of what

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)

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8
Q

antibodies against what is found in Wegener’s

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

Patients history of recurrent fever and abdominal pain along with dilated calyces with overlying cortical atrophy bilaterally, mostly in upper and lower poles suggests

A

Recurrent pyelonephritis

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10
Q

what causes vesicoureteral reflux

A

retrograde urine flow from bladder into ureter

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11
Q

Patient has postprandial epigastric pain and food aversion/weight loss in setting of coronary artery bypass ( atherosclerosis ) , ?

A

chronic mesenteric ischemia ( atherosclerosis of mesenteric artery)

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12
Q

histo for Silicosis

A
  • calcification of rim of hillier nodes ( eggshell calcification)
  • birefringent silica particles surrounded by fibrous tissue
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13
Q

Silicosis impairs what, increase risk for what

A
  • impairs macrophages

- increase risk for TB

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14
Q

what is compound nevi and what layers does it involve

A
  • benign proliferations of melanocytes

- both dermis and epidermis

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15
Q

What anatomical problem is almost always necessary for development of acute pyelonephritis

A

vesicoureteral reflux

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16
Q

frequent voiding

A

using bathroom a lot

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17
Q

clinical symptoms for hyperaldosteronism

A

paresthesias and muscle weakness

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18
Q

what does erythema multiforme look like on skin

A

target lesion

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19
Q

erythema multiforme is associated with what virus

A

herpes simplex virus

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20
Q

Name Virulence factors for measles virus

A
  • hemagglutinin

- matrix protein

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21
Q

what is found in serum of someone with subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis

A

mealses virus antibodies

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22
Q

When does the 4th heart sound occur

A

end of diastole just before S1

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23
Q

what causes 4th heart sound

A
  • decreased left ventricular compliance

- restrictive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy

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24
Q

Obese man with loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, and thick neck with narrow airway suggests

A

obstructive sleep apnea

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25
prolonged, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can cause
- pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure
26
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( HER2) is overexposed in 20% of what cancers? treatment?
breast cancers - means more aggressive tumor - respond to anit-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab
27
HER2 is what type of receptor
tyrosine kinase
28
Role of bcl-2
inhibit apoptosis
29
what is the most common malignant hepatic lesion for liver
matastistis from another primary site ( breast, lung, colon) - not hepatocellular carcinoma
30
Voluntary muscle activity is mediated by what neuron tract
corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts
31
corticospinal tracts that do not decussate at medulla travel where in spinal cord?
anterior corticospinal tract
32
corticospinal tract that decussate in medulla travel where in spinal cord
lateral corticospinal tract
33
Upper motor neuron lesion leads to what clinical finding
- spastic paralysis - hyperreflexia - Babinski sign
34
lower motor signs
- flaccid paralysis - hypotonia - hyporeflexia - muscle atrophy - fasciculations
35
what color is gray hepatiziation in lung
pale
36
Sudden cardiac death 12 days after MI is most likely due to
ventricular arrhythmias
37
Most common cause of mitral stenosis
rheumatic fever
38
What part of the brain is distorted in normal pressure hydrocephalus
- periventricular white matter
39
Extreme myofiber disarray with interstitial fibrosis on cardiac histology suggests
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
40
cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
mutations in genes encoding cardiac sacromere proteins ( beta-myosin heavy chain)
41
Lab findings for Wilson's disease
- elevated transaminases | - low serum ceruloplasmin
42
First line treatment for Wilson's
D-penicillamine
43
where does copper accumulate in Wilson disease
- liver - cornea - basal ganglia ( parkinsonism)
44
Deferoxamine is used to treat what
iron overdose
45
Edetate calcium disodium is used to treat wht
lead poisoning
46
Fluoxetine is used to treat
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | - depression
47
Levodopa is used to treat
Parkinson disease
48
What is seen for hits for Crohn disease
noncaseating granulomas
49
what levels are elevated in hydatidiform mole
Beta-hCG levels
50
what causes hydatidiform mole
overexertion of paternal genes
51
Pathology of partial mole
- fetal tissue - focal trophoblastic hyperplasia - enlarged villi interspersed with normal villi
52
Proximal tubular cell ballooning and vacuolar degeneration in patient with acute renal failure. On top of this have oxalate crystals ? suggests
ethylene glycol poisoning with acute tubular necrosis
53
diagnostic test for pituitary adenoma
MRI of the brain
54
first-line treatment for pituitary adenoma
dopamine agonist ( bromocriptine)
55
Essential fructosuria will be positive for what test
copper reduction test
56
Peripheral blood smear of hypo chromic microcytic anemia arises from what condition
iron deficiency
57
A doctor should look for what as the first cause of iron deficiency
blood loss
58
What is the single most important measure to reduce the risk of transmission of hospital-acquired infections
hand washing
59
What gene mutation is associated with Crohn disease
NOD2
60
what is the NF-kB pathway
cytokine production
61
Carcinoembryonic antigen assay is most useful for detecting what in colon cancer
- recurrence | - and then residual disease
62
What causes Vitiligo
loss of epidermal melanocytes
63
The most common malignant malignancy in asbestoses
Bronchogenic carcinoma
64
What is contracture
during wound healing, excessive matrix metalloproteinase activity and myofibroblast accumulation

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