Test 72: All Flashcards by Bina Malapur

Th1 lymphocytes release what? then what happens?

interferon-gamma

-recruits macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes Th1 lymphocytes to release interferon gamma

IL-2 from macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“red ragged” muscles fibers are seen in what type of disease

mitochondrial disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What drug is used for treatment of bradycardia

Atropine, decreases vagal influences of SA and AV nodes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

side effects of atropine

increase intraocular pressure

- may precipitate acute closed-angle glaucoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which ions are responsible for resting membrane potential at -70

high K conductance and some sodium conductance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does alludes reductase convert

glucose into sorbitol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does sorbitol dehydrogenase convert

Sorbitol into glucose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment for von Willebrand disease? How does it work

Desmopressin

- releases vWF stored in endothelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is vWF and factor VIII produced

endothelial cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What receptors do Desmopressin work on

V2, not as much of V1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lenticulostriate arteries are a branch off of what

middle cerebral artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does pontine hemorrhage present

coma ( reticular activating system)
total paralysis ( cortiocspinal and corticobulbar)
pinpoint pupils ( descending sympathetic path )

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MOA for sulfonylureas

increase insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells independent of blood glucose concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Risk factor for sulfonylureas

hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Mecafungin are what type of drugs

Echinocandins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MAO for Echinocandins

inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of Beta-glucan ( component of fungal wall cell)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Echinocandins used for

Invasive aspergilloisis

- Candida

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adverse effects of Echinocandins

GI upset

- flushing ( by histamine release)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MAO fo Amphotericin B

binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MOA for Flucytosine

inhibits synthesis of both DNA and RNA in fungal cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Griseofulvin MOA

binds microtubules and inhibits mitosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Itraconazole MOA

inhibits ergosterol synthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MOA for Terbinafine

inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase

- leads to decrease ergosterol synthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration is characteristic of what disease

hyperparathyroidism

persistence of primary, unmineralized spongiosa in the medullary canals

osteopetrosis

Lamellar bone structure resembling a mosaic is what problem

Paget's

Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae

Vitamine D deficiency

Vertical, midline incision is made at posterior vaginal opening through the vaginal and subvaginal mucosa? what is also most likely to be cut

Perineal body

Folate synthesizes what

nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA | - ex. dTMP

What is a salvage pathway for dTMP

thymidine kinase

Location of SA node

junction of right atrium and superior vena cava

What vitamins are not found in breast milk for newborns

D and K

pancreatic islet amyloid deposition is characteristic of what disease

type 2 diabetes mellitus

What makes Hep D antigen infectious

Hepatits B surface antigen of Hep B. virus must coat the Hepatitis D antigen of Hep D

What are two things that play a role in osteoclast differentiation

1. macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF) | 2. receptor for activated nuclear factor kappa-B ligand ( RANK-L)

Patient has pain and deformity of long bones with hearing loss ?

Paget's disease of bone

osteoprotegerin (OPG)

- decreases binding of RANK-L to RANK | - reduces osteoclast

MOA for Denosumab

inhibits the RANK/RANK-L interaction also leads to increased bone density

What is the role of heme oxygenase? color?

converts heme to biliverdin | - Biliverdin causes greenish color to develop in bruises several days after injury?

The best and most reliable auscultatory indicator of the degree of mitral stenosis is what

A1-OS interval. | - shorter interval indicates more severe stenosis

pulmonary vascular bed does what during tissue hypoxia

vasoconstriction

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase reflects what activity

osteoblastic

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary deoxypyridinoline reflect what activity? which on e is more reliable

osteoclastic activity | - deoxypyridinoline

The afferent limb of the light reflex pathway is what nerve

optic nerve

the efferent limb of the reflex pathway is

parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve

AAUAA is what signal

polyadenylation signal for polyermase A on RNA

HbF contains

gamma-globin and alpha

HbA

alpha and beta globin

Role of class III anti arrhythmic drugs

- blocks potassium channels | - inhibit outward potassium currents during phase 3 of cardiac action potential

Absence of normal enteral stimulation in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition leads to what 3 things.

1. decreased cholecystokinin release 2. decreased biliary stasis 3. increase risk of gallstones

role of cholecystokinin release

- increase pancreatic secretion - increase gallbladder contraction - decrease gastric emptying - increase sphincter of Oddi relaxation

what causes schistocytes

1. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia | 2. prosthetic cardiac valve

what are serum levels when schistocytes are seen

1. decreased haptoglobin | 2. increased LDH and bilirubin

Intermittent respiratory symptoms in a patient with a normal chest x-ray, sputum eosinophils, and reduced FEV1 suggests what diagnosis

asthma

What is Hartnup disease

Deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters in 1. proximal renal tubular cells 2. on enterocytes exces loss of dietary tryptophan

Hartnup disease is a result of what deficiency

niacin deficiency

Niacin is synthesized from what

tryptophan

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and precursor for what

1. nicotinic acid 2. serotonin 3. melatonin

Hartnup disease clinical presentation

- pellagra like symptoms

Family history of sarcoma, leukemia, adrenal and breast cancer suggests what in a female with lump in breast

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

What causes Li-Fraumeni syndrome

- autosomal dominant mutation in tumor suppressor gene TP53

right border of the right is formed by what

right atrium

What happens in IgA deficiency during blood transfusion

- anaphylaxis | - blood may contain small amounts of IgA

gonadal artery arises from what artery

aorta

What causes Pasteurella multocida

soft-tissue infection that develops within 24 hours of following a dog or cat bite

What is the number one thing to do to prevent catheter infection in patient

alcohol based hand scrub prior to beginning the procedure

patient with bone pain, fatigue, anemia, kidney disease, and hypercalcemia has what

multiple myeloma