Test 62: All

Question 1

What is the most common path of embolus to retinal artery

Answer 1

1. internal carotid artery,
2. ophthalmic artery
3. retinal artery

Question 2

toxic shock syndrome toxins releases what type of antigen

Answer 2

superantigen

Question 3

Superantigens bind to what

Answer 3

MHC on APC and variable region of Lymphocytes

- release IL-2 and IL-1

Question 4

Genetic composition of Dengue fever

Answer 4

single-stranded RNA virus with 4 different serotypes

Question 5

compare primary and secondary infection with Dengue

Answer 5

Primary: asymptomatic or self-limited
Secondary: infection with different serotype, more severe illness

Question 6

Formula for incidence

Answer 6

(# of new cases) / (# people at risk)

Question 7

What is required to convert pyruvate to lactate

Answer 7

NAD

Question 8

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate converts to what via

Answer 8

1-3-bisphosphoglycerate via NAD

Question 9

Keratin is a cell marker for what cell origin

Answer 9

Epithelial cell origin

Question 10

Patient presenting with involuntary movements, depression, and a family history of a movement disorder has what

Answer 10

Huntington disease

Question 11

Pleiotropy

Answer 11

one gene contributes to multiple phenotypic effects

Question 12

Mosaicism

Answer 12

presence of genetically distinct cell lines in same individual

Question 13

Trinucleotide expansion occurs during what transmission in Huntington

Answer 13

Paternal

Question 14

Chromosomes 21 codes for what protein that is connected to Alzheimers

Answer 14

Amyloid precursor protein

Question 15

what causes error in RNA polymerase in Hepatitis C

Answer 15

no proofreading 3’ –>5’ exonuclease activity

Question 16

What is Alkapotnuria

Answer 16

AR: deficiency of homogentisate oxidase which allows tyrosine to fumarate
- accumulation of homogentisic acid

Question 17

clinical features of Alkaptonuria

Answer 17

• black urine color when exposed to air,
• blue-black pigmentation nf face
• orchronotic arthropathy

Question 18

Valine to glutamate

Answer 18

sickle cell anemia

Question 19

Leucine to acetoacetate

Answer 19

maple syrup urine disease

Question 20

In Babesiosis what does peripheral blood smear show

Answer 20

intraerythrocytic organisms

Question 21

Aedes mosquito is a vector for

Answer 21

1. dengue fever

2. chikungunya

Question 22

What are Potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis intracellularly and extracellularly

Answer 22

intra: decreased
extra: normal or increased

Question 23

Pyridoxine ( B6 vitamin) is necessary for what processes for gluconeogensis

Answer 23

1. transamination

2. decarboxylation of amino acids

Question 24

Transamination reactions occur between what

Answer 24

amino acid and alpha-ketoacid

Question 25

How does L5 Radiolupathy present in patient

Answer 25

- back pain radiating down leg with sensory loss over buttocks, lateral thigh and calk, and dorsal foot - Weakness of foot dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion, and toe extension

Question 26

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency blocks what

Answer 26

conversion of kininogen to bradykinin | - increase bradykinin

Question 27

What does ACE do to bradykinin levels

Answer 27

degrades bradykinin

Question 28

MOA for Tamoxifen

Answer 28

selective estrogen receptor modulators - estrogen agonist on uterus - estrogen antagonist at breast

Question 29

What is seen in primary and secondary m. tuberculosis in lung

Answer 29

primary: Ghon foci in lower lobes Secondary: apical cavitary lesion

Question 30

Inulin clearance can be used to calculate what value

Answer 30

GFR

Question 31

High altitude exposure results in what

Answer 31

hypoxemia with respiratory alkalosis

Question 32

Define Bulimia nervosa

Answer 32

recurrent binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors - usually normal weight

Question 33

factitious disorder is what

Answer 33

intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological symptoms for purpose of assuming sick role

Question 34

What are melanocytes derived from

Answer 34

neural crest cells

Question 35

Reaction formation

Answer 35

defense mechanism that involves replacing unacceptable feelings and impulses with their extreme opposites

Question 36

Splitting

Answer 36

seeing others as all bad or all good

Question 37

Suppression

Answer 37

Putting unwanted feelings aside to cope with reality

Question 38

Projection

Answer 38

Attributing one's own feelings to others

Question 39

Displacement

Answer 39

transferring feelings to a more acceptable object

Question 40

MOA for Niacin

Answer 40

- decreases hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and VLDL | - reduces clearance of HDL

Question 41

Risk factor for taking Niacin

Answer 41

- decrease renal excretion of uric acid | - precipitating acute gouty arthritis

Question 42

What nerve goes through obturator foramen

Answer 42

obtruator nerve

Question 43

what happens when you hurt the obturator nerve

Answer 43

- weakness on thigh adduction | - sensory loss over distal medial thigh

Question 44

ventral posterior lateral nucleus receives input from where

Answer 44

1. spinothalamic tract | 2. dorsal columns

Question 45

ventral posterior medial nucleus receives input from

Answer 45

trigeminal pathway

Question 46

If patient is deaf, what do you do for communication

Answer 46

1st: interpreter 2nd: use other tools like writing

Question 47

Bipolar 1

Answer 47

- manic episodes | - depressive episodes not required but common

Question 48

Bipolar II

Answer 48

Hypomanic episodes

Question 49

MOA of Bosentan

Answer 49

competitive antagonist of endothelin receptors used for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 50

Inherited or acquired hypertriglyceridemia with triglyceride levels exceeding over 1000 mg/dL, what organ can be damaged

Answer 50

acute pancreatitis

Question 51

after 12-18 hours of fasting, what is the principal source of blood glucose

Answer 51

- gluconeogenesis

Question 52

What is the primary source of glucose for the first 12-18 hours of fasting

Answer 52

glycogenolsys