Chapter 12

Question 1

Social psychology scientifically studies how we _____ ______, _________, and ______ to one another.

Answer 1

think about
influence
relate

Question 2

What is vocal fry?

Answer 2

young females use this frequently. long drawn out vocal sounds.

Question 3

What is the halo effect?

Answer 3

when one good quality overshadows other qualities

Question 4

widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Answer 4

stereotypes

Question 5

What is illusionary correlation?

Answer 5

more likely to pay attention to instances where your stereotype is proven, as opposed to when they are incorrect

Question 6

Social thinking is attributing behavior to ________ or to __________.

Answer 6

persons

situations

Question 7

______ _________ is attributing behavior to persons or to situations.

Answer 7

Social thinking

Question 8

What is attribution theory?

Answer 8

tendency to give casual explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 9

What are fundamental attribution errors?

Answer 9

occur when an observers’ bias to explain others behavior in terms of internal attributions

Question 10

Why does attribution error occur?

Answer 10

It’s due to visual perspective.

Question 11

Explain the example of a videotaped confession and attribution error.

Answer 11

Evaluations of videotaped confessions could be altered by changes in the camera perspective. Some thought the interview was just, while others thought the interview was coerced.

Question 12

List the key factors in attraction.

Answer 12

1. Physical attractiveness
2. Matching Hypothesis
3. Similarity
4. Proximity

Question 13

What are the two types of romantic love?

Answer 13

1. passionate love

2. companionate love

Question 14

________ ___________ proposes that males and females of approximate attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.

Answer 14

Matching Hypothesis

Question 15

What is the difference between passionate and companionate love?

Answer 15

Passionate Love- An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
Companionate Love- A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Question 16

_________ are positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought.

Answer 16

Attitudes

Question 17

Attitudes are positive or negative _________ of objects of ________.

Answer 17

evaluations

thought

Question 18

What are the three components of attitude?

Answer 18

1. cognitive component
2. affective component
3. behavioral component

Question 19

Which component of attitude is this: beliefs & ideas?

Answer 19

cognitive component

Question 20

Which component of attitude is this: emotions & feelings?

Answer 20

affective component

Question 21

Which component of attitude is this: predispositions to act?

Answer 21

behavioral component

Question 22

The components of attitude vary according to ________, _________, and _____________.

Answer 22

strength
strength
ambivalence

Question 23

Using the example of gun control, explain the components of attitude.

Answer 23

1. cognitive component (beliefs, ideas)
   
   • “gun owners end up shooting themselves more often than they shoot thieves”
2. affective component (emotions, feelings)
   
   • “guns make me sick”
3. behavioral component (predispositions to act)
   
   • “I vote for gun-control advocates whenever possible”

Question 24

The _______ theory states that ________ form and change due to evaluative conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

Answer 24

learning

attitudes

Question 25

The learning theory states that attitudes form and change due to _________ conditioning, _________ conditioning, and ___________ learning.

Answer 25

evaluative operant observational

Question 26

Why do actions affect attitudes?

Answer 26

One explanation is that when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension. This is called cognitive dissonance.

Question 27

To relieve ourselves of this tension (cognitive dissonance) we bring our _______ closer to our _______.

Answer 27

attitudes | actions

Question 28

What are the components of prejudice?

Answer 28

- beliefs (stereotypes) - emotions (hostility, envy, fear) - predisposition to act (to discriminate)

Question 29

What is the difference between ingroup, outgroup, and ingroup bias?

Answer 29

Ingroup: people with whom one shares a common identity Outgroup: those perceived as different from one’s ingroup Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own group

Question 30

Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have ___________.

Answer 30

decreased

Question 31

The greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded by _______ ___________.

Answer 31

social influence

Question 32

What is social loafing?

Answer 32

the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

Question 33

______ ___________: refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others or it could lead to choking on tasks that are not well learned

Answer 33

Social facilitation

Question 34

What happened to Kitty Genovese?

Answer 34

she was raped and murdered right outside her apartment, there was many bystanders there, and nobody did anything to stop it

Question 35

Explain the bystander effect?

Answer 35

The tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. The more people who are present the less likely you are to do anything about it.

Question 36

What is the the decision-making process for bystander to intervene?

Answer 36

- first you have to notice the incident - then interpret the incident as emergency - then, you assume responsibility - and finally you attempt to help

Question 37

What is group polarization?

Answer 37

Enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes

Question 38

a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Answer 38

group think

Question 39

_____________ is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 39

Deindividuation

Question 40

Deindividuation is the loss of self-________ and self-_______ in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 40

awareness | restraint

Question 41

Deindividuation is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster _______ and ________.

Answer 41

arousal | anonymity

Question 42

Behavior is _________. We follow behavior of others to _______.

Answer 42

contagious | conform

Question 43

What is the difference between normative and informal social influence?

Answer 43

Normative Social Influence: influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection. Informational Social Influence: the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others.