Chapter 8 pt. 2

Question 1

List the common flaws in reasoning.

Answer 1

1. ignoring base rates
2. the conjunction fallacy
3. Gambler’s fallacy
4. overestimating the improbable

Question 2

What is the difference between conjunction fallacy and Gambler’s fallacy?

Answer 2

Conjunction fallacy: occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.

Gambler’s fallacy: belief that odds a chance event increase if the event has not occurred recently

Question 3

What is loss aversion?

Answer 3

people tend to assume that losses will have more impact on them than gains of equal size

Question 4

What test was created in 1905 to test intelligence?

Answer 4

Binet-Simo intelligence scale: created to find struggling school children (mental age)

Question 5

Who created the Binet-Simo intelligence scale?

Answer 5

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Question 6

What test was created in 1916 to test intelligence?

Answer 6

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 7

Who created the IQ test?

Answer 7

Standford Binet

Question 8

________-_______ (1916) was modified by Lewis Terman.

Answer 8

Standford-Binet

Question 9

Standford-Binet (1916) was modified by ______ _______

Answer 9

Lewis Terman

Question 10

What is the equation for finding IQ?

Answer 10

mental age/ chronological age x 100

Question 11

What test was created in 1955 to test intelligence?

Answer 11

Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 12

Who invented the Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

Answer 12

David Drechsler

Question 13

IQ score indicates where you fall in the _______ __________.

Answer 13

normal distribution

Question 14

IQ tests are good indicators of _________/_______ intelligence.

Answer 14

academic/verbal

Question 15

IQ tests are predictive of ___________ attainment.

Answer 15

occupational

Question 16

IQ tests are predictive of occupational __________.

Answer 16

attainment

Question 17

How do we find evidence for hereditary influence in intelligence?

Answer 17

twin studies

Question 18

The general consensus is that about ___% of intelligence is heritable

Answer 18

50

Question 19

How do we find evidence for environmental influence in intelligence?

Answer 19

adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis, and flynn effect

Question 20

What is the difference between adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis, and the flynn effect?

Answer 20

Adoption studies- show that siblings reared together are more similar than siblings reared apart

Cumulative deprivation hypothesis-gradual decline in IQ when raised in substandard conditions

Flynn effect: industrialized nations show an increase in IQ over time

Question 21

The flynn effect could be caused by reductions in the prevalence of ___________ among children.

Answer 21

malnutrition

Question 22

The flynn effect could be caused by increased access to ___________ and more demanding curricula in schools over the last century.

Answer 22

education

Question 23

The flynn effect could be caused by increased access to education and more demanding _________ in schools over the last century.

Answer 23

curricula

Question 24

some believe we have a _________ ________, the genetically determined limits of IQ

Answer 24

Reaction Range

Question 25

Why do people with higher IQ's tend to have better health?

Answer 25

they are more informed about health issues

Question 26

Sternberg's theory of intelligence consists of what three intelligences?

Answer 26

analytical intelligence creative intelligence practical intelligence

Question 27

What is the difference between analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Answer 27

Analytical intelligence- mental steps of ‘components’ used to solve problems Creative intelligence- use of experience in ways that foster insight Practical intelligence- ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life

Question 28

Howard Gardner argues that IQ tests generally emphasize _______ and _____________ skills, often excluding other important skills.

Answer 28

verbal | mathematical

Question 29

List Howard Gardner's intelligences.

Answer 29

1. Visual/Spatial Intelligence 2. Verbal/ Linguistic Intelligence 3. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence 5. Musical Intelligence 6. Interpersonal Intelligence 7. Intrapersonal Intelligence 8. Naturalist Intelligence

Question 30

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space.

Answer 30

Visual/Spatial Intelligence

Question 31

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages.

Answer 31

Verbal/ Linguistic Intelligence

Question 32

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic.

Answer 32

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

Question 33

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities.

Answer 33

Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence

Question 34

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music.

Answer 34

Musical Intelligence

Question 35

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and how to work collaboratively.

Answer 35

Interpersonal Intelligence

Question 36

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the ability to control them and work with them consciously.

Answer 36

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Question 37

Which one of Gardner's intelligences is this: Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing their characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify other things as well.

Answer 37

Naturalist Intelligence