Final Exam pt. 1

Question 1

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?

Answer 1

Independent variable (IV): condition or event varied by the experimenter. 
Dependent variable (DV): variable that is affected by manipulation

Question 2

The ___________ variable affects the dependent variable. .

Answer 2

independent

Question 3

The independent variable affects the _________ variable. .

Answer 3

dependent

Question 4

What are the stages of forming memory?

Answer 4

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

Question 5

What are the three main types of memory?

Answer 5

1. Sensory memory
2. short-term memory
3. long-term memory

Question 6

What is stress?

Answer 6

any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being, or challenge coping abilities

Question 7

What are the main types of stress?

Answer 7

1. frustration
2. conflict
3. change
4. Pressure

Question 8

Which type of stress is this: is experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted

Answer 8

frustration

Question 9

Which type of stress is this: being in traffic

Answer 9

frustration

Question 10

Which type of stress is this:experiencing technology failures

Answer 10

frustration

Question 11

Which type of stress is this: bad pet behavior

Answer 11

bad pet behavior

Question 12

Which type of stress is this: typically short-lived issues, although they cause short bursts of high-level stress

Answer 12

frustration

Question 13

Which type of stress is this: are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require adjustment

Answer 13

change

Question 14

Which type of stress is this: occurs when 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression

Answer 14

conflict

Question 15

Which type of stress is this: involves expectations or demands to behave in a certain way

Answer 15

pressure

Question 16

Which type of stress is this: most often self-imposed!

Answer 16

pressure

Question 17

What are the different type of scenarios that can cause conflict stress?

Answer 17

1. approach-approach
2. avoidance-avoidance
3. approach-avoidance

Question 18

What is the difference between approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance in conflict stress?

Answer 18

1. approach-approach- both choices are attractive
2. avoidance-avoidance- both choices are unattractive
3. approach-avoidance- an unattractive and attractive choice are both present

Question 19

What type of expectations led to pressure?

Answer 19

• performance
• physical appearance
• conforming to rules

Question 20

Who created the social readjustment scale?

Answer 20

Holmes and Rahe (1967)

Question 21

The _______ ___________ _______ ______ (____) allows for quantification of the degree of stress a life change (or group of changes) caused

Answer 21

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Question 22

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures:

a. change
b. frustration
c. control
d. aggression

Answer 22

a. change

Question 23

What are the common emotional responses to stress?

Answer 23

• annoyance, anger, and rage
• apprehension, anxiety, fear
• dejection, sadness, grief

Question 24

Positive reactions to stress appears to lead to ________

Answer 24

resilience

Question 25

What are the two main physiological responses to stress?

Answer 25

1. Fight or Flight Response | 2. General Adaption Syndrome

Question 26

What are the three components of the general adaption syndrome?

Answer 26

1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

Question 27

What is the behavioral response to stress?

Answer 27

coping- active efforts to master, reduce, and tolerate the demands created by stress

Question 28

What are the five different ways people cope?

Answer 28

1. Giving up and blaming oneself 2. Aggression 3. Indulging oneself 4. Defensive coping 5. Constructive Coping

Question 29

Giving up and blaming oneself promotes _______ ___________, passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.

Answer 29

learned helplessness

Question 30

Learned helplessness is evident in ________ ________.

Answer 30

domestic violence

Question 31

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 31

aggression is always caused by frustration

Question 32

_______ is the release of emotional tension.

Answer 32

catharsis

Question 33

Why did Freud argue against catharsis?

Answer 33

Most research suggests acting in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression

Question 34

Stress can cause reduced _______ _______.

Answer 34

impulse control

Question 35

_______ _________ counts as indulging oneself.

Answer 35

Internet addiction

Question 36

_______ ___________ are a form of defensive coping.

Answer 36

Defense mechanisms

Question 37

How can you apply constructive coping?

Answer 37

1. cognitive reappraisal: Albert Ellis’s Rational Thinking 2. humor 3. expressing emotions and forgiving others 4. relaxation techniques and minimizing physiological vulnerabilities

Question 38

What are the physical effects of stress?

Answer 38

heart disease and personality (type A), heart disease and emotional reactions, and stress and immune functioning.

Question 39

What are the factors moderating the impact of stress?

Answer 39

1. social support 2. optimism 3. conscientiousness 4. resilence

Question 40

What are the two types of social support?

Answer 40

1. explicit social support | 2. implicit social support

Question 41

High social support is related to better _______ functioning

Answer 41

immune

Question 42

general tendency to expect good outcomes

Answer 42

optimism

Question 43

Optimism is related to good _______ _______ and effective _______ functioning.

Answer 43

physical health | immune

Question 44

High in ______________, means your less likely to exhibit unhealthy habits.

Answer 44

conscientiousness

Question 45

Resilience shows that stress can promote ________ _______ or _____ __________.

Answer 45

personal growth | self improvement

Question 46

What is the inverted U hypothesis?

Answer 46

The inverted-U hypothesis predicts that task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal…to an extent