Flashcards in Final Exam pt. 1 Deck (46):
1
What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?
Independent variable (IV): condition or event varied by the experimenter.
Dependent variable (DV): variable that is affected by manipulation
2
The ___________ variable affects the dependent variable. .
independent
3
The independent variable affects the _________ variable. .
dependent
4
What are the stages of forming memory?
1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval
5
What are the three main types of memory?
1. Sensory memory
2. short-term memory
3. long-term memory
6
What is stress?
any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being, or challenge coping abilities
7
What are the main types of stress?
1. frustration
2. conflict
3. change
4. Pressure
8
Which type of stress is this: is experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted
frustration
9
Which type of stress is this: being in traffic
frustration
10
Which type of stress is this:experiencing technology failures
frustration
11
Which type of stress is this: bad pet behavior
bad pet behavior
12
Which type of stress is this: typically short-lived issues, although they cause short bursts of high-level stress
frustration
13
Which type of stress is this: are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require adjustment
change
14
Which type of stress is this: occurs when 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression
conflict
15
Which type of stress is this: involves expectations or demands to behave in a certain way
pressure
16
Which type of stress is this: most often self-imposed!
pressure
17
What are the different type of scenarios that can cause conflict stress?
1. approach-approach
2. avoidance-avoidance
3. approach-avoidance
18
What is the difference between approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance in conflict stress?
1. approach-approach- both choices are attractive
2. avoidance-avoidance- both choices are unattractive
3. approach-avoidance- an unattractive and attractive choice are both present
19
What type of expectations led to pressure?
- performance
- physical appearance
- conforming to rules
20
Who created the social readjustment scale?
Holmes and Rahe (1967)
21
The _______ ___________ _______ ______ (____) allows for quantification of the degree of stress a life change (or group of changes) caused
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
22
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures:
a. change
b. frustration
c. control
d. aggression
a. change
23
What are the common emotional responses to stress?
- annoyance, anger, and rage
- apprehension, anxiety, fear
- dejection, sadness, grief
24
Positive reactions to stress appears to lead to ________
resilience
25
What are the two main physiological responses to stress?
1. Fight or Flight Response
2. General Adaption Syndrome
26
What are the three components of the general adaption syndrome?
1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion
27
What is the behavioral response to stress?
coping- active efforts to master, reduce, and tolerate the demands created by stress
28
What are the five different ways people cope?
1. Giving up and blaming oneself
2. Aggression
3. Indulging oneself
4. Defensive coping
5. Constructive Coping
29
Giving up and blaming oneself promotes _______ ___________, passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.
learned helplessness
30
Learned helplessness is evident in ________ ________.
domestic violence
31
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
aggression is always caused by frustration
32
_______ is the release of emotional tension.
catharsis
33
Why did Freud argue against catharsis?
Most research suggests acting in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression
34
Stress can cause reduced _______ _______.
impulse control
35
_______ _________ counts as indulging oneself.
Internet addiction
36
_______ ___________ are a form of defensive coping.
Defense mechanisms
37
How can you apply constructive coping?
1. cognitive reappraisal: Albert Ellis’s Rational Thinking
2. humor
3. expressing emotions and forgiving others
4. relaxation techniques and minimizing physiological vulnerabilities
38
What are the physical effects of stress?
heart disease and personality (type A), heart disease and emotional reactions, and stress and immune functioning.
39
What are the factors moderating the impact of stress?
1. social support
2. optimism
3. conscientiousness
4. resilence
40
What are the two types of social support?
1. explicit social support
2. implicit social support
41
High social support is related to better _______ functioning
immune
42
general tendency to expect good outcomes
optimism
43
Optimism is related to good _______ _______ and effective _______ functioning.
physical health
immune
44
High in ______________, means your less likely to exhibit unhealthy habits.
conscientiousness
45
Resilience shows that stress can promote ________ _______ or _____ __________.
personal growth
self improvement
46