Flashcards in Chapter 2 pt. 1 Deck (39):
1
What are research methods?
methods they use in research
2
What happens when methods are not sound?
- we use the wrong test, or a bad test that doesn’t really represent my construct
-don’t treat every subject the same
-have a biased sample
3
When researching you need replication because otherwise we get a ____________ of results
generalizability
4
What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
A clinical study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service studying the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama under the auspices of receiving free health care from the United States government.
Once a cure was found though the subjects did not receive it and many of them died.
5
What are the steps in the scientific method?
(1) formulate a testable hypothesis
(2) select the research method and design the study
(3) collect the data
(4) analyze the data and draw conclusions
(5) report the findings
6
The scientific approach allows us to test ____________ & exclude alternate ___________
hypotheses
explanations
7
In order to achieve the scientific approach you must have clear hypotheses and ___________ _______ what you are measuring
operationally define
8
Differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies
research methods
9
Experimental research methods= manipulation of _________/__________
variables/behaviors
10
Descriptive/correlational research methods=measurement of ____________- no manipulation
behavior
11
__________ __________ methods=manipulation of variables/behaviors
experimental research
12
__________/__________ research methods =measurement of behavior- no manipulation
Descriptive/correlational
13
An __________ involves the manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions
experiment
14
Experiments allow for detection of _______-_____-_______ relationships
cause-and-effect
15
___________ allow for detection of cause-and-effect relationships
experiments
16
What is a variable?
anything you can change (i.e. it can vary) and concretely measure
17
What are the two main types of variables?
1. Independent Variable
2. Dependent Variable
18
Is this an independent or dependent variable:
condition or event varied by the experimenter
Independent variable
19
Is this an independent or dependent variable:
variable that is affected by manipulation
Dependent variable
20
The dependent variable depends on the ____________ of the independent variable
manipulation
21
The dependent variable is what we ___________
measure
22
The independent is what we ___________
manipulate
23
An experimental design is how does X (__________ variable) affect or change Y (___________ variable).
X=independent
Y=dependent
24
What are the goals of the scientific approach?
It assumes that there are laws of behavior that can be discovered through empirical research.
25
What are the goals of the science of psychology?
(1) the measurement and description of behavior
(2) the understanding and prediction of behavior
(3) the application of this knowledge to the task of controlling behavior
26
What is the difference between a theory and hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
27
What are the two types of experiment groups?
(1) experimental groups
(2) control groups
28
One (or more) groups in a experiment are assigned to the __________ group(s)
experimental
29
subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
experimental group
30
group of participants who do not receive the special treatment
control group
31
Participants in the experimental group(s) and control group are alike in all respects, except for manipulation of ___________ variable
independent
32
Resulting differences in the two groups must be due to the independent variable – allows for _________ (IV caused differences in the DV)
causation
33
What type of variable, is a variable that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment?
Extraneous (or confounding) variable
34
How do you (at least attend to ) control for extraneous and confounding variables?
-Survey participants demographics/personality characteristics
-Random assignment!
35
What are the variations in types of studies?
(1) Expose a single group to two different conditions
(2) Manipulate more than one independent variable
(3) Use more than one dependent variable
36
What are the advantages to using the experimental method?
-Conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn
-Can understand the effects of different variables
37
What are the disadvantages of using the experimental method?
- Artificial nature of experiments
-Ethical and practical issues
38
What are the advantages of using descriptive/correlational research?
Explore questions that cannot be examined experimentally
39