Chapter 2 pt. 1

Question 1

What are research methods?

Answer 1

methods they use in research

Question 2

What happens when methods are not sound?

Answer 2

• we use the wrong test, or a bad test that doesn’t really represent my construct
• don’t treat every subject the same
• have a biased sample

Question 3

When researching you need replication because otherwise we get a ____________ of results

Answer 3

generalizability

Question 4

What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Answer 4

A clinical study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service studying the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama under the auspices of receiving free health care from the United States government.
Once a cure was found though the subjects did not receive it and many of them died.

Question 5

What are the steps in the scientific method?

Answer 5

(1) formulate a testable hypothesis
(2) select the research method and design the study
(3) collect the data
(4) analyze the data and draw conclusions
(5) report the findings

Question 6

The scientific approach allows us to test ____________ & exclude alternate ___________

Answer 6

hypotheses

explanations

Question 7

In order to achieve the scientific approach you must have clear hypotheses and ___________ _______ what you are measuring

Answer 7

operationally define

Question 8

Differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies

Answer 8

research methods

Question 9

Experimental research methods= manipulation of _________/__________

Answer 9

variables/behaviors

Question 10

Descriptive/correlational research methods=measurement of ____________- no manipulation

Answer 10

behavior

Question 11

__________ __________ methods=manipulation of variables/behaviors

Answer 11

experimental research

Question 12

__________/__________ research methods =measurement of behavior- no manipulation

Answer 12

Descriptive/correlational

Question 13

An __________ involves the manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions

Answer 13

experiment

Question 14

Experiments allow for detection of _______-_____-_______ relationships

Answer 14

cause-and-effect

Question 15

___________ allow for detection of cause-and-effect relationships

Answer 15

experiments

Question 16

What is a variable?

Answer 16

anything you can change (i.e. it can vary) and concretely measure

Question 17

What are the two main types of variables?

Answer 17

1. Independent Variable

2. Dependent Variable

Question 18

Is this an independent or dependent variable:

condition or event varied by the experimenter

Answer 18

Independent variable

Question 19

Is this an independent or dependent variable:

variable that is affected by manipulation

Answer 19

Dependent variable

Question 20

The dependent variable depends on the ____________ of the independent variable

Answer 20

manipulation

Question 21

The dependent variable is what we ___________

Answer 21

measure

Question 22

The independent is what we ___________

Answer 22

manipulate

Question 23

An experimental design is how does X (__________ variable) affect or change Y (___________ variable).

Answer 23

X=independent

Y=dependent

Question 24

What are the goals of the scientific approach?

Answer 24

It assumes that there are laws of behavior that can be discovered through empirical research.

Question 25

What are the goals of the science of psychology?

Answer 25

(1) the measurement and description of behavior (2) the understanding and prediction of behavior (3) the application of this knowledge to the task of controlling behavior

Question 26

What is the difference between a theory and hypothesis?

Answer 26

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

Question 27

What are the two types of experiment groups?

Answer 27

(1) experimental groups | (2) control groups

Question 28

One (or more) groups in a experiment are assigned to the __________ group(s)

Answer 28

experimental

Question 29

subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

Answer 29

experimental group

Question 30

group of participants who do not receive the special treatment

Answer 30

control group

Question 31

Participants in the experimental group(s) and control group are alike in all respects, except for manipulation of ___________ variable

Answer 31

independent

Question 32

Resulting differences in the two groups must be due to the independent variable – allows for _________ (IV caused differences in the DV)

Answer 32

causation

Question 33

What type of variable, is a variable that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment?

Answer 33

Extraneous (or confounding) variable

Question 34

How do you (at least attend to ) control for extraneous and confounding variables?

Answer 34

- Survey participants demographics/personality characteristics - Random assignment!

Question 35

What are the variations in types of studies?

Answer 35

(1) Expose a single group to two different conditions (2) Manipulate more than one independent variable (3) Use more than one dependent variable

Question 36

What are the advantages to using the experimental method?

Answer 36

- Conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn | - Can understand the effects of different variables

Question 37

What are the disadvantages of using the experimental method?

Answer 37

- Artificial nature of experiments | - Ethical and practical issues

Question 38

What are the advantages of using descriptive/correlational research?

Answer 38

Explore questions that cannot be examined experimentally

Question 39

What are the disadvantages of using descriptive/correlational research?

Answer 39

Investigators cannot control events to isolate cause and effect