Circulatory System

Question 1

what has the thickest layer of muscle:

veins/arteries/capillaries/arterioles/venules

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

which is the major regulator of blood flow

veins/arteries/capillaries/arterioles/venules

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

which contains valves

veins/arteries/capillaries/arterioles/venules

Answer 3

veins

Question 4

which has higher compliance veins or arteries

Answer 4

veins

Question 5

the only arteries that contain deoxygenated blood are

Answer 5

pulmonary artery and umbilical artery

Question 6

all arteries carry blood which way

Answer 6

away from the heart

Question 7

_ transport deoxygenated blood from the tissue back to the heart

Answer 7

veins

Question 8

the only veins that contain oxygenated blood

Answer 8

pulmonary vein and umbilical vein

Question 9

veins always take blood where

Answer 9

to the heart

Question 10

what is compliance

Answer 10

Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ (vessel) to distend and increase volume with increasing pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions on application of a distending or compressing force

Question 11

compliance formula is

Answer 11

c = delta v/delta p

Question 12

where does exchange of fluid/nutrients and waste occur

Answer 12

capillaries

Question 13

the capillary walls are vey thin made of

Answer 13

one single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina of tunica intima

Question 14

___ are very small veins that collect blood from capillaries

Answer 14

venules = gradually coalesce into progressively larger veins

Question 15

what vein brings blood from head and trunk

Answer 15

superior vena cava

Question 16

what vein brings blood from lower extremities

Answer 16

inferior vena cava

Question 17

the elastic arteries are the

Answer 17

large and medium arteries

Question 18

the muscular arteries are the

Answer 18

small arteries/arterioles = these will vasoconstrict!!!! that is why they are the blood flow regulators!!

Question 19

large artery ==> medium artery ==> small arteries ==> arterioles ==> capillaries ==> venules ==> veins.

at any one time where is 2/3 of your blood located in the scheme above?

Answer 19

veins or venules!! therefore they deal with large volumes of blood. vs arteries which deal with high pressures.

this is why Compliance = delta V/delta P is higher in veins!!!

Question 20

the highest resistance in cardiovascular system is where

large artery ==> medium artery ==> small arteries ==> arterioles ==> capillaries ==> venules ==> veins.

Answer 20

arterioles

Question 21

the __ are the last small branches of the arterial system

Answer 21

arterioles

Question 22

arterioles act as control valves thru which blood is released into the capillaries. any ARTERY smaller than __mm in diameter is an arteriole

Answer 22

0.5mm

Question 23

1. arterioles have a thick/thin tunica media that is composed almost entirely of __
2. does it have a lot of elastic tissue

Answer 23

1. thick, smooth muscle

2. no. it has very little elastic tissues

Question 24

the __ of an arteriole is composed of endothelial cells lying on a BM with an underlying fine internal elastic lamina in the larger arterioles

Answer 24

intima

Question 25

_ are the primary resistance vessels and determine the distribution of cardiac output

Answer 25

arterioles

Question 26

what is the splanchnic circulation

Answer 26

includes most of the structures usually considered "internal organs", but not all (for example, the heart is excluded

Question 27

arteriole resistance is regulated by __ receptors found in the skin and splanchnic circulation

Answer 27

alpha-1-adrenergic

Question 28

__ receptors are found on arterioles of skeletal muscle

Answer 28

Beta-2 adergenergic

Question 29

_ receptors are found in the heart muscle and the kidneys

Answer 29

beta-1 adergenergic

Question 30

indicate if vasoconstrictor or dilator 1. endothelins 2. nitric oxide 3. adenosine

Answer 30

1. constrict 2. dilate 3. dilate

Question 31

Endothelins

Answer 31

proteins that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure

Question 32

α1-receptors primarily mediate ___ muscle contraction.

Answer 32

smooth

Question 33

α1-receptors in smooth muscle will result in ___. Blood vessels with α1-adrenergic receptors are present in the skin, the sphincters[2] of gastrointestinal system, kidney (renal artery)[3] and brain

Answer 33

vasoconstriction

Question 34

which circuit supplies the alveoli of the lungs | pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit/neither/both

Answer 34

pulmonary circuit

Question 35

which circuit supplies the CT of the lungs? | pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit/neither/both

Answer 35

systemic

Question 36

which has a lower blood pressure? | pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit/neither/both

Answer 36

pulmonary

Question 37

which has a greater volume of blood flow per minute? | pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit/neither/both

Answer 37

neither

Question 38

which circuit involves the thick walled left ventricle

Answer 38

systemic

Question 39

the pump for the pulmonary circuit is the

Answer 39

right ventricle

Question 40

the pump for the systemic circuit is the

Answer 40

left ventricle

Question 41

the vessels of the pulmonary circuit supply ONLY THE

Answer 41

lung alveoli

Question 42

the systemic circuit provides blood to ALL BODY TISSUES. except for the

Answer 42

alveoli of the lungs

Question 43

the volume of blood flow per minute is ___ and is the __ in the circuits

Answer 43

5L/min | SAME in both circuits

Question 44

mean arterial blood pressure can be calculated with what equation

Answer 44

BP = CO x TPR

Question 45

Vascular compliance =

Answer 45

increase in volume/increase in pressure

Question 46

pulmonary arterioles are usually dilated and have ___ resistance to blood flow

Answer 46

little

Question 47

the pulmonary vessels are high/low compliant

Answer 47

HIGHLY COMPLIANT = allows the pulmonary circuit to store blood volume w/o changing blood pressure

Question 48

compliance will __ at higher pressure and volumes

Answer 48

decrease

Question 49

at higher pressure and volumes, venous compliance becomes similar to

Answer 49

arterial compliance = this is why veins are suitable for use as arterial by-pass grafts

Question 50

veins can accommodate large changes in __ with only a small change in __

Answer 50

large change in volume | small change in pressure = high compliance

Question 51

place in order of blood volumes while at rest: in the heart, in the capillaries, in the pulmonary loop, in the systemic arteries and arterioles, in the systemic veins and venules

Answer 51

``` systemic veins and venules (66%) in the pulmonary loop (12%) in the systemic arteries and arterioles (11%) in the heart 6% in the capillaries = 5% ```

Question 52

the most amount of blood is in the __ and the least are in the _

Answer 52

most veins/venules | least in capillaries

Question 53

your patient presents with stage 1 hypertension. his blood pressure is 150/99 mmHg. is his pulse pressure normal high or low

Answer 53

high

Question 54

the pulse pressure =

Answer 54

systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

Question 55

the most important determinant in pulse pressure is

Answer 55

stroke volume

Question 56

a positive net pressure number means

Answer 56

filtration will occur

Question 57

a negative net pressure number means

Answer 57

absorption will occur

Question 58

1. where are our baroreceptors in our circulation | 2. these receptors detect change in blood pressure and relay that info to the

Answer 58

1. carotid sinuses and in the arch of the aorta 2. cardiac control center and the vasomotor center in the medulla which alter the ratio of sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses

Question 59

if the blood pressure is too high, __ impulses will dominate and reduce the pressure by slowing the heart rate, reducing stroke volume and dilating the blood reservoir vessels

Answer 59

parasympathetic

Question 60

if blood pressure is too low, __ impulses will dominate and reduce the pressure by increasing the heart rate, stroke volume and constricting the blood reservoir vessels

Answer 60

sympathetic impulses

Question 61

stretch receptors in the carotid sinus are stimulated by ___

Answer 61

elevated blood pressure = they will activate the PNS and inhibit the SNS to reduce the BP back to set point

Question 62

chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies and chemoreceptors neurons in the vasomotor center of medulla detect increases in what and decreases in what?

Answer 62

increase in CO2, decrease in blood O2 and decrease in pH (H ion concentration)

Question 63

if CO2 increases/pH drops or oxygen drops the __ impulses dominate

Answer 63

sympathetic = increase heart rate, stroke volume and constricts vessels

Question 64

atria and pulmonary stretch receptors are stimulated by ____

Answer 64

expansion of blood volume. NOT TO CHANGES IN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 65

name the layers in arteries

Answer 65

tunica adventitia > tunica media > tunica intima (inner most)

Question 66

what is the toughest vessel to puncture? vein artery or capillary

Answer 66

artery

Question 67

which layer is thicker tunica media or tunica adventitia

Answer 67

media

Question 68

which layer is innervated by autonomic nervous system | tunica adventitia/tunica media/tunica intima

Answer 68

media

Question 69

by puncturing the artery you have hit the vessel with the greatest: a. resistance b. pressure c. cross-sectional area d. blood volume

Answer 69

pressure

Question 70

Which has the highest pressure: | arteries/arterioles/capillaries/veins

Answer 70

arteries

Question 71

which has the largest resistance | arteries/arterioles/capillaries/veins

Answer 71

arterioles

Question 72

which has the largest blood volume | arteries/arterioles/capillaries/veins

Answer 72

veins

Question 73

which has the largest cross sectional area | arteries/arterioles/capillaries/veins

Answer 73

capillaries

Question 74

in the arteries which is thicker the tunica adventitia or the tunica media

Answer 74

tunica media

Question 75

in the veins which is thicker the tunica media or adventitia

Answer 75

adventitia

Question 76

in capillaries which tunicas are present/absent

Answer 76

ONLY has tunica intima (endothelium)

Question 77

tunica ___ is made of fibrous CT

Answer 77

adventitia

Question 78

tunica __ is made of smooth muscle and elastic CT

Answer 78

media