Muscles

Question 1

Golgi tendon organ in muscles measures muscle __

Answer 1

tension (think Golgi Tendon = T - for tension

Question 2

The Gogli tendon organ is innervated by __ and inhibits/activates the muscle alpha neuron

Answer 2

Ib (sensory afferent)
inhibits
think Golgi - I - inhibit and T in tendon is for tension

Question 3

muscle spindle measures

Answer 3

length

Question 4

muscle spindle has 3 components name them

Answer 4

specialized muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers
sensory terminals = group 1a and II afferents
motor terminals = gamma motor (efferent) neurons

Question 5

the finer the movement the more/less muscle spindles in a muscle

Answer 5

the finer the movement the MORE muscle spindles. muscles spindles and Golgi tendon organs are responsible for “fine tuning” therefore the muscles that are fine movement muscles = more of these organs

Question 6

muscle tone is fined tuned by what two sensory organs

Answer 6

Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindles

Question 7

the annulospiral endings are

Answer 7

sensory terminals in muscles especially around muscle fibers that belong to the muscle spindle intrafusal fibers.

Question 8

the bulk of muscle is _ fibers

Answer 8

extrafusal

Question 9

motor neurons are afferent or efferent

Answer 9

efferent

Question 10

motor neurons are further classified as

Answer 10

alpha or gamma motor neurons

Question 11

gamma motor neurons innervate what part of the muscle

Answer 11

muscle spindle

Question 12

alpha motor neurons innervate and stimulate _ muscle

Answer 12

skeletal

Question 13

activation of the _ motor neuron maintains the spindle sensitivity

Answer 13

gamma

Question 14

type I muscle fibers are slow/fast twitch

Answer 14

slow

Question 15

type II muscle fibers are slow/fast twitch

Answer 15

fast

Question 16

which type of muscle fiber has

1. more glycogen content
2. myoglobin content
3. capillaries

Answer 16

1. type 2 has more glycogen content (because they are 2x as large as slow twitch fibers)
2. slow twitch (type 1)
3. slow twitch (type 1)

Question 17

Fast twitch have fewer/lower __ than slow twitch

Answer 17

less resistance to fatigue, 
less oxidative capacity
less enzymes for OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (but more enzyems for anaerobic glycolysis)
less capillaries
less mitochondria 
less myoglobin

Question 18

Fast twitch have more/higher__ than slow twitch

Answer 18

myosin-ATPase activity

speed/intensity of contraction, enzymes for anaerobic glycolysis, more sarcoplasmic reticulum, more glycogen content

Question 19

myotatic reflex

Answer 19

think myo = muscle = stretch reflex

Question 20

the stretch reflex (knee jerk) is __

number of synapses monosynaptic/disynaptic/polysnaptic

Answer 20

monosynaptic

Question 21

the Golgi tendon reflex = clasp knife (number of synapses monosynaptic/disynaptic/polysnaptic)

Answer 21

disynaptic

Question 22

flexor withrawl reflex = after touching a hot stove =(number of synapses monosynaptic/disynaptic/polysnaptic)

Answer 22

polysynaptic

Question 23

when the muscle is stretched what reflex is activated and what is the outcome

Answer 23

stretch reflex (Ia afferents)
muscle contracts

Question 24

when he muscle contacts which reflex is activated and what is the outcome

Answer 24

Golgi tendon reflex

muscle relaxes

Question 25

when he muscle feels pain, what reflex is activated and what is the outcome

Answer 25

flexor withdrawl reflex, | ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension

Question 26

the Ib afferent fibers are involved in which reflex

Answer 26

Golgi tendon reflex

Question 27

the Ia afferent fibers are involved in which reflex

Answer 27

stretch reflex

Question 28

the II, III, and IV afferent fibers involved in which reflex

Answer 28

flexor-withdrawl reflex

Question 29

The Golgi tendon reflex is the reverse of the stretch reflex, they also depolarize in response to muscle stretch but they _ the motor neuron causing it to relax

Answer 29

inhibit

Question 30

most reflex arcs have _ # basic elements

Answer 30

6 = receptor, sensory (afferent) neuron, integration center (CNS), interneuron, motor (efferent neuron) and effector

Question 31

reflex arc is a neural pathways connecting

Answer 31

receptors to an effector

Question 32

receptor/effector detects a stimulus or environmental change

Answer 32

receptor

Question 33

effector is an organ of response. it produces a response called a

Answer 33

reflex

Question 34

reflexes are quick bc

Answer 34

they only contain a few neurons

Question 35

1. reflexes are either somatic = results in contraction of | 2. or autonomic = result in activation of _ muscle

Answer 35

1. skeletal muscle = somatic | 2. smooth of cardiac = autonomic

Question 36

spinal reflexes are _(somatic/autonomic) reflexes mediated by the spinal cord

Answer 36

somatic

Question 37

two impt spinal reflexes that contract skeletal muscles are

Answer 37

stretch reflex | tendon reflex

Question 38

stretch reflex - it is initiated at receptors called __ that are sensitive to _ and _

Answer 38

muscle spindles | tension and length of muscle

Question 39

stretch reflex stimulates the stretched muscle to

Answer 39

contract

Question 40

patellar reflex is aka

Answer 40

knee jerk reflex

Question 41

the patellar reflex is ex of which reflex

Answer 41

stretch reflex = strike the patellar tendon at knee causes the quadriceps to contract and swing the lower leg forward

Question 42

tendon reflex is initiated at receptors called

Answer 42

neurotendinous organs (Golgi tendon organs) that are sensitive to tension

Question 43

the tendon reflex occurs as a result of

Answer 43

muscle contraction = reflex stimulates the contracted muscle to relax

Question 44

when the stretch reflex stimulates the muscle to contract, antagonist muscles that oppose the contraction are inhibited. this is called

Answer 44

reciprocal inhibition. the neurons that cause this is called reciprocal innervation

Question 45

two types of muscle fibers

Answer 45

extrafusal and intrafusal

Question 46

extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers make up the bulk of the muscle

Answer 46

extrafusal

Question 47

extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers innervated by alpha motor neurons (efferent neurons)

Answer 47

extrafusal

Question 48

extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers provide the force for muscle contraction

Answer 48

extrafusal

Question 49

extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers are encapsulated in sheaths to form muscle spindles

Answer 49

intrafusal

Question 50

extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by gamma motor neurons (efferent neurons)

Answer 50

intrafusal

Question 51

nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers are extrafusal/intrafusal muscle fibers.

Answer 51

intrafusal

Question 52

nuclear bag fibers are intrafusal muscle fibers that detect __dynamic/static changes in muscle length and tension

Answer 52

dynamic

Question 53

nuclear chain fibers are intrafusal muscle fibers that detect __dynamic/static changes in muscle length and tension

Answer 53

static

Question 54

nuclear bag fibers are intrafusal muscle fibers innervated by

Answer 54

group 1a afferent = fastest in the body

Question 55

sensory (afferent) neurons transmit afferent nerve impulse from receptor to the

Answer 55

spinal cord

Question 56

a motor (efferent) neuron transmit efferent nerve impulses from the ___ to __

Answer 56

from the integrating center (in the spinal cord) to an effector (muscle cell)

Question 57

The __ is a response to extensive tension on a tendon. It helps avoid strong muscle contractions which could tear the tendon from either the muscle or bone

Answer 57

tendon reflex

Question 58

two types of tendon reflexes (T reflex)?

Answer 58

stretch reflex and a Golgi tendon reflex

Question 59

A ___ reflex, when the stretch is created by a blow upon a muscle tendon.

Answer 59

stretch | Deep tendon reflex also usually refers to this sense.

Question 60

Tendon reflex tests are used to determine the integrity of the __, and they can be used to detect the presence of a neuromuscular disease.

Answer 60

spinal cord and peripheral nervous system

Question 61

The Golgi tendon reflex, motivated by that the sensory receptors for this reflex are anatomically located in the __, while the sensory receptors for the stretch reflex are actually inside the proper muscle.

Answer 61

tendon

Question 62

what does tension mean

Answer 62

Tension (physics), a force related to the stretching of an object (the opposite of compression)