NBDE ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: Respiratory System Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
pneumothorax
A
air in chest (pleural cavity)
2
Q
- A penetration wound of the chest wall can lead to __ or __
- in both these situations the surface tension that binds the lungs to the chest is eliminated and the lung will instantly __
A
- hemothorax or pneumothorax
2. shrink to size of tennis ball
3
Q
hemothorax
A
blood in the pleural cavity (chest)
4
Q
the right and left lungs are separated by the
A
mediastinum
5
Q
the mediastinum contains the
A
heart, blood vessels, and other midline structures
6
Q
__ divide each lung into lobes
A
fissures
7
Q
each primary bronchus enters its respective lung at the
A
hilus
8
Q
the bronchi and pulmonary BV’s are bound together by CT to form the _ of the lung
A
root
9
Q
the _ is the inferior surface of the lung and rests on the diaphragm
A
base
10
Q
the _ is the most superior portion of the lung and projects above the clavicle
A
apex
11
Q
the right lung has _# lobes and the left lung has _
A
right = 3 left = 2
12
Q
- the right lung has _ lobes and _ secondary bronchi
2. the right lung?
A
- 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) and 3 secondary (lobar) bronchi
- 2 lobes (superior and inferior) and 2 secondary bronchi (lobar)
13
Q
- the right lung contains _ bronchial segments called the tertiary bronchi
- the left?
A
- 10
2. 8
14
Q
- the right lung receives _ bronchial artery
2. the left receives
A
- right 1
2. left 2
15
Q
the right/left lung has a slightly larger capacity than the other
A
right
16
Q
the left/right lung has a cardiac notch on its superior lobe
A
left lungs - cardiac notch is an indentation providing room for the heart
17
Q
the _ lung contains a lingual = tongue-shaped portion of superior lobe that corresponds to the middle lobe of the other lung
A
lingual (think Left = Lingula)
18
Q
- The left lung has _ lobes, _ secondary bronchi, and _ bronchial arteries.
- it has _ bronchial segments
A
- 2, 2, 2
2. 8
19
Q
the right lung has _ lobes, _ secondary bronchi, _ bronchial artery, and _ bronchial segments
A
3, 3, 1, 10
20
Q
each lung is enclosed in a double layer
A
pleural sac
21
Q
the ridge that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi is the: carina lingual bronchial tree mediastinum
A
carina
22
Q
the _ connects the upper respiratory tract to the lower respiratory tract
A
trachea
23
Q
the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main stem bronchi at a location called the __, which is located at the level of the __
A
carina, sternal angle (T4-T5)
24
Q
the trachea is in ___ esophagus and _ to the thyroid
A
in front of esophagus and behind thyroid
25
a series of C shaped rings of _ strengthen the trachea and prevent it from collapsing during inspiration
hyaline cartilage
26
the trachea is lined with _ epitheliums and _ cells which trap inhaled debris
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and mucous-secreting goblet cells
27
the right lung is larger and heavier than the left but it is _ and _
shorter and wider bc of the right dome of diaphragm is higher and the heart and pericardium bulge more to the left
28
trachea branches into the right and left PRIMARY BRONCHI which lead to the lungs. Each bronchi in the lungs branches into the bronchial/respiratory tree. The first of these branches is the __branch
lobar (secondary branch). each lobar goes into one lobe
29
the terminal bronchioles gives rise to
respiratory bronchioles
30
which do not have cilia:
| tertiary bronchioles/primary bronchioles/terminal bronchioles/respiratory bronchioles/alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts
31
conducting bronchioles do not have alveoli in their walls and are nearer the hilum of the lung. they deliver air to passageways that have alveoli. the last generation of conducting bronchioles are called
terminal bronchioles
32
__bronchioles continue from the terminal bronchioles.
respiratory
33
the first generation of passageways of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree are the
respiratory bronchioles
34
the __ zone of the respiratory system is the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
conducting zone aka dead zone bc no O2 exchange
35
function of conducting zone is
filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it to the lungs
36
the _ zone is the site of oxygen and co2 exchange and composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
respiratory
37
bronchioles have a diameter of _mm or less
1mm
38
bronchioles epithelium progresses from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to
cuboidal (respiratory bronchioles)
39
small bronchioles have non ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells called _ that secret a surface active lipoprotein
Clara cells
40
walls of bronchioles are devoid of
cartilage or glands
41
the _ arteries supply blood to the bronchi
bronchial arteries
NOT the pulmonary artery/subclavian/etc
42
each lung is shaped like a
cone
43
each lung has a blunt__ and a concave ___ that sits on the diaphragm
blunt apex
| concave base
44
in the middle of the mediastinal surface, the _ is located, which is a depression where bronchi, vessels, nerves that form the root enter and leave the lung
hilum
45
the root of the lung contains what structures
primary bronchus (from the trachea), pulmonary artery carrying oxygen poor blood, and pulmonary veins carrying oxygen rich blood, bronchial arteries
46
branches of the _ nerve pass behind the root of each lung to form the __
vagus
| posterior pulmonary plexus
47
the lung is innervated by
PNS nerves via vagus and sympathetic nerves from the 2nd and 4th thoracic sympathetic ganglia.
48
when foreign objects are aspirated into the trachea, they usually pass into the right/left primary bronchus
right bc it is larger, straighter, and shorter than the left and more direct line with the trachea.
49
in the dental chair if patient swallow an object it tends to lodge in the
right bronchus
50
TB is more common in the right or left lung
right bc it is shorter
51
why is TB usually restricted to the apex of the lung
bc ventilation/perfusion ratio is high, TB are obligate aerobes
52
which is not part of lower respiratory tract:
| trachea/alveolar duct/primary bronchus/laryngopharynx
laryngopharynx
53
the mediastinum contains all the thoracic viscera except the
lungs
54
the mediastinum upper portion is above the
upper pericardium
55
the lower mediastinum is subdivided into what 3 parts
anterior (in front of pericardium) middle (containing the pericardium) and posterior (behind the pericardium)
56
respiratory system consists of
lungs, upper and lower respiratory tracts and thoracic cage
57
the upper respiratory tract structures
nose mouth nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx and larynx
58
the upper respiratory tract functions
warm and humidify inhaled air, provide taste, smell and chewing and swallowing of food
59
the lower respiratory tract structures are
trachea, bronchi, lungs
60
bronchi branch into bronchioles which in turn branch into
lobules
61
the lobule contains
terminal bronchioles and alveoli
62
mucous membrane containing hair like cilia lines the _ tract
lower
63
functionally the lower tract is subdivided into _ and _
conducting airways (trachea, primary, lobar, and segmental bronchi) and alveoli = sites of gas exchange
64
sphenoid sinus drains into the
sphenoethmoidal recess
65
the bony roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
66
the lateral walls of the nose have bony projections called
conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) aka nasal turbinates
67
the nasal conchae form shelves that have spaces or grooves beneath them called
meatuses (superior middle and inferior)
68
all of the paired paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity by way of the meatuses except for the __
sphenoidal sinus which drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess
69
the nasolacrimal duct drains tears from the eyes and empties into the
inferior meatus
70
the floor of the nose is formed by the
hard palate
71
the nasal cavity opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx via a funnel like opening called the
choanae (posterior nares)
72
1. conchae =
| 2. choanae =
1. bony projections of lateral walls of nose
| 2. opening into nasopharynx
73
maxillary sinus drains into the _ thru the _
middle meatus thru the semilunar hiatus
74
the vestibules of the sinuses are lined with
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia
75
the conchae of the nasal fossae are lined with
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
76
the olfactory epithelium is very prominent in the upper medial portion of the nasal cavity. both olfactory and respiratory epithelium are
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
77
olfactory epithelium is unique bc it contains
olfactory sensory cells
78
the nasal cavity receives sensory info from the _ nerve for smell and _ nerve for other sensations
olfactory nerve (CN1) and trigeminal (V) for other sensations
79
the nasal cavity blood supply is from branches of the
ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
80
the pharynx (throat) is a tube that serves as a passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts. it extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the_ and _
larynx and esophagus
81
the pharynx has 3 sections named
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
82
the nasopharynx is the most superior division of the pharynx. it lies _ to the sphenoid bone at the level of the __
inferior to sphenoid at level of soft palate
83
The __ palate is the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth
soft
84
the soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain _.
bone
85
the pharynx is lined with _ epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
86
the nasopharynx has 4 openings name them
```
2 auditory (Eustachian) tubes: each opening out of a lateral wall and connecting with the middle ear (tympanic cavity)
and 2 opening of the posterior nares (choanae)
```
87
the nasopharynx is the location of the _ tonsils
pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsils
88
the soft palate and uvula form the _ wall of the nasopharynx
anterior wall
89
the superior inferior and middle turbinate are aka
nasal concha = turbinate
90
the tensor veli palatini and the levator veli palatini muscles prevent _
food from entering the nasopharynx
91
the oropharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
92
oropharynx extends from
soft palate to hyoid bone
93
fauces
opening from mouth into oropharynx
94
the __ tonsils protrude into oropharynx
lingual tonsils from base of tongue
95
the anterolateral walls of the oropharynx support which tonsils
the palatine
96
the oropharynx is a _ and _ passageway
air and food
97
the laryngopharynx extends from the _ to the _
hyoid bone to the opening of the esophagus
98
1. the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are both lined with
| 2. the nasopharynx is lined with
1. stratified squamous epithelia
| 2. ciliated psuedostratified
99
the laryngopharynx and the oropharynx are both passageways for
food and air
100
air entering the layngopharynx goes into the _ and food goes into the _
```
air = larynx
food = esophagus
```
101
woman has HPV and warts on her larynx and respiratory tract. in order to allow her to breathe an emergency airway maybe established by opening into the trachea:
a. thru the thyroid membrane
b. bw the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
c. bw thyroid cartilage
d. above the level of thyroid cartilage
bw the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
102
an emergency tracheotomy (tracheostomy) is made by making incision thru the
cricothyroid ligament. = runs bw thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage and is inferior to the space bw the vocal cords (rima glotidis) where aspired objects usually get lodged.
103
the space entered by emergency tracheotomy is called the
cricothyroid space
104
a cricothyrotomy is preferable to tracheotomy for ___
non surgeons in emergency respiratory obstructions
105
in cricothyrotomy an incision is made thru the skin and __ for the relief of acute respiratory obstruction
cricothyroid membrane
106
tracheotomy are rarely performed and limited to patients with extensive laryngeal damage and infants with severe airway obstruction. why
bc presence of major vascular structures: carotid arteries internal jugular vein, thyroid gland, nerves (recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve), pleural cavities, esophagus
107
laryngeal prominence is aka
adam's apple
108
laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) is a protuberance formed by the
angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx. more pronounced in men than women
109
function of surfactant
lowers surface tension by reducing cohesive force of water
110
surfactant are made by type _ alveolar cells
II
111
surfactant reduces surface tension throughout the lung, and stabilizes the
alveoli
112
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome =
premature infants w insufficient surfactant
113
_ cells are dome shaped cells w short microvilli in small airways (bronchioles), in ciliated simple epithelium. secrete glycosaminoglycangs (GAGs) to protect the lining
Clara cells
114
Type I pneumocytes are responsible for
gas exchange in alveoli and cover majority of alveolar surface 95%
115
Type II pneumocytes
granular and cuboidal . cover 5% of area produce surfactant (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine)
116
alveolar macrophages aka
dust cells
