NBDE: ANATOMICAL SCIENCE: GI System Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
the main distinction of the jejunum is the presence of prominent
A
pilcae circulares-aka valve of Kerckring
2
Q
the main site of absorption is
A
SI
3
Q
the intestinal villi are characteristic features of the
A
SI
4
Q
the epithelium lining the lumen of the SI is made of what kind of cells
A
simple columnar with goblet cells
to remember: SImple columnar
5
Q
the main function of _ in the SI is to increase the surface area available for absorption
A
microvilli
6
Q
the intestinal villi consist of surface epithelia and underlying
A
lamina propria
7
Q
the lamina propria of the SI is formed from
A
loose CT
8
Q
the lamina propria has loose CT full of
A
BV’s nerves large lymphatic vessels (site of lipid absorption)
9
Q
intestinal glands open up in the SI bw the base of the villi. these glands are called
A
crypts of Lieberkuhn
10
Q
crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete
A
enzymes: sucrose and maltase and enteropeptidase
11
Q
Paneth cells are __ cells found at base of the intestinal glands
A
secretory cells with large acidophilic granules, secrete lysozymes = anti bacterial properties
12
Q
the main distinguishing feature of the duodenum is the presence of
A
glands in the submucosa
13
Q
Brunner’s glands are found in the
A
duodenal submucosa
14
Q
Brunner’s glands secrete
A
alkaline secretions to counteract the effects of gastric acids that reach the duodenum and for pancreatic enzymes to function
15
Q
the __ part of the SI is almost devoid of plicae circulares
A
ileum
16
Q
large amounts of __ are found in the ileum’s lamina propria
A
lymphatic tissue
17
Q
what are the plicae circulares
A
The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares
18
Q
the large lymphatic tissues can be seen macroscopically as white patches aka __ occupied by _ cells
A
Peyer’s patches, M cells
19
Q
- Peyer’s patches found mostly in
- The __ can be identified by Brunner’s glands.
- The___ has neither Brunner’s glands nor Peyer’s Patches.
A
- ileum (end of SI)
- duodenum
- jejunum
20
Q
Indicate part of SI:
- Brunner’s glands
- Valves of Kerckring (plicae circulares)
- Peyer’s patches
A
- duodenum = Brunner’s glands
- jejunum = Valves of Kerckring
- ileum = Peyer’s patches
J in jejunum is letter before K kerckring
brunner’s = b looks like d (mirror image)
21
Q
the site of vitamin B12 absorption is the
A
ileum
22
Q
2 distinguishing ileum facts
A
site of vitamin B12 absorption and Peyer’s patches
23
Q
pt in ER with jaundice and intense pain in upper abdominal and bw the shoulder blades. the physician suspect choledocholithiasis caused by cholesterol stones formed in which organ that stores and concentrates the bile
A
gallbladder
24
Q
the ___ lining is folded into rugae (similar to those in stomach)
A
gallbladder
25
when the intestine is empty of food, the _ constricts and bile is forced up the cystic duct to the gallbladder for storage
Oddi sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla = ampulla of vater
26
secretion of hormone _ after a fatty meal stimulates the gallbladder contraction and relaxation of Oddi sphincter and the bile mixes with chyme
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
27
the gallbladder does not contain a __ as do the stomach and both the large and small intestines
submucosa
28
the gallbladder receives blood from the
cystic artery (branch of the hepatic artery)
29
the gallbladder is innervated by
vagal fibers from the celiac plexus.
30
the smooth muscle coat of the _ consists of 3 bands called taeniae coli
large intestine (colon)
31
the large intestine consists of the
colon and rectum
32
the large intestine: name sections
cecum ==> ascending colon ==> hepatic flexure ==> transverse colon ==> flexure of transverse colon ==> descending colon ==> sigmoid colon ==> rectum (leads to anus)
33
the appendix is attached to the
cecum (colon)
34
the rectum is the second to last part of the GI tract and leads to the last part, the
anus
35
the beginning of large intestine is the
cecum
36
the vermiform appendix is narrow tube that extends down from cecum. it contains a large amount of
lymphoid tissue
37
because the appendix is a blind tract, it is frequently a site of
inflammation
38
the shortest part of the colon is the
ascending colon on the right posterior abdominal wall
39
the colon curves into the pelvis toward the midline as the
S shaped sigmoid colon
40
the rectum is straight and does not possess the ___ that is present in all the rest of the colon
taeniae coli
41
the rectum ends at the
anal canal (3-4cm) which opens to exterior thru the anus
42
the anal canal is surrounded by the
internal and external sphincter muscles
43
unlike the rest of the GI tract the __ muscles do not form a continuous layer around the large intestine
longitudinal
44
instead in the GI, 3 bands of longitudinal muscle called __ run the length of the colon
taeniae coli
45
contractions of longitudinal muscles gather the colon into bands called
haustra = giving the colon its " puckered" appearance
46
does the large intestine have folds or villi
no
47
the colon is characterized by many _ glands and lots of _ cells sometimes called glandular epithelium
tubular intestinal glands
| goblet cells
48
is there a lot of lymphatic tissue in colon
yes bc lots of bacteria
49
the anal region unlike the rest of the large intestine has a series of
longitudinal folds
50
the anal epithelium is
stratified squamous
51
the glands found in submucosa of duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus to protect the walls of the mucosa
Brunner's glands
52
the duodenum measured about 12 inches and has a _ shape
C shape that encircles the pancreas
53
the duodenum lies where in respect to peritoneum
mostly retroperitoneal (behind). the exception is the first 2cm of the first part = ampulla/duodenal cap
54
duodenum receives blood from the
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of gastroduodenal artery) and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of superior mesenteric)
55
the jejunum has a thick/thin wall
thick
56
the ileum has a thick or thin wall
thin
57
the _ nerve passes thru the celiac plexus
splanchnic
58
postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervating duodenum _ motility
slows
59
the _ nerve in PNS innervates small intestine
vagus nerve
60
at which level does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?
| T8/T10/T12/C6
T10
61
the esophagus starts at what level
C-6
| esophaguS = C-Six
62
esophagus is _inches
10inches
63
esophagus lies _ to trachea and _ to vertebral column
dorsal (behind) to trachea and ventral to vertebral column
64
esophagus extends from the _ anterior to vertebral column, enters the mediastinum, leaves the thorax via the __ and joins the stomach
oropharynx (C-6)
esophageal hiatus (T10)
65
esophagogastric junction is
point where esophagus ends and stomach begins
66
cardiac orifice
the opening through which the abdominal part of the esophagus enters the cardiac portion of the stomach
67
the esophagus epithelia is __ and the stomach epithelia is
```
esophagus = stratified squamous
stomach = simple columnar
```
68
4 layers of esophagus wall from lumen outward?
mucosa , submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
69
the _ layer of esophagus wall contains the epithelium, lamina propria and glands
mucosa
70
the _ layer of esophagus wall contains the CT, BV and glands
submucosa
71
the _ layer of esophagus wall contains the CT and merges with CT of surrounding structures
adventitia
72
the esophagus is made of _ muscle in the proximal third
striated muscle
73
the esophagus is made of _ muscle in the middle third
smooth and striated
74
the esophagus is made of _ muscle in the distal third
smooth
75
which part of esophagus consists of only smooth muscle
distal
76
which part of esophagus consists of only striated muscle
proximal
77
which part of esophagus consists of both striated and smooth muscle
middle (both)
78
the esophagus receives blood from the (3)
inferior thyroid artery, branches of descending thoracic aorta, and left gastric artery
79
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease and __ is the metaplasia associated with it
Barrett's esophagus
80
what happens in Barrett's esophagus
normal stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus changes to intestinal or gastric columnar epithelium
81
Gerd and Barretts esophagus is strongly associated with
esophageal adenocarcinoma
82
the esophagus receives PNS fibers from
esophageal branches of vagal nerve
83
the esophagus receives motor fiber from the
recurrent laryngeal braches of the vagus nerve and sympathetic innervation from the esophageal plexus of nerves
84
the lateral surface of the stomach is called the
greater curvature
85
the stomach lies _ to the diaphragm
inferior
86
stomach lies in what quadrant
LUQ of abdominal cavity
87
the medial surface of the stomach is called the
lesser curvature
88
the greater omentum layer of peritoneum is found along the _ of the stomach
greater curvature
89
4 main regions of stomach
cardia fundus body pylorus
90
3 layers of stomach smooth muscle?
```
outer longitudinal
middle circular
inner oblique (think inner is circular hole like O)
```
91
max capacity of stomach is _ liters
3-4
92
the stomach receives blood from all three branches of the
celiac artery (celiac trunk)
93
the greater curvature of the stomach receives blood supply from the
left gastroepiploic artery along top edge and right gastroepiploic artery along its lower edge
94
the upper portion of greater curvature of the stomach and fundus gets blood from
short gastric artery
95
the lesser curvature of stomach gets blood from
left gastric artery and right gastric artery
96
the cardiac region of stomach gets blood from
left gastric artery
97
the _ of the stomach has many gastric glands
mucosa
98
Parietal (oxynctic) cells are located in _ produce _
fundus and body = release HCl and intrinsic factor
99
Zymogenic (Chief) cells located in _ produce _
fundus and body - secrete pepsinogen
100
G cells located in _ produce _
entire stomach, produce gastrin
101
```
which does not supply blood to liver:
hepatic veins
hepatic portal vein
common hepatic artery
celiac trunk
```
hepatic veins
102
the heaviest and most active organ in the body
liver
103
the liver is attached to the diaphragm by the _ ligaments (3)
falciform
triangular
coronary ligaments
104
the liver is attached to the stomach by the
lesser omentum
105
the liver is attached to the duodenum by the
hepatoduodenal ligaments
106
the lower surface of the liver is the
visceral surface
107
the visceral liver is contact with the
esophagus, stomach duodenum hepatic flexure of colon gallbladder right kidney
108
porta hepatis
point where vessels and ducts enter and exit the liver (ventral surface)
109
the liver is divided into _ lobes
4: right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes
110
the right lobe anatomically includes what lobes
caudate and quadrate lobes
111
although the caudate and quadrate lobes are anatomically part of the right lobe they function like the
left lobe
112
ligament teres separates the
right and left lobes of stomach from anterior view
113
the __ omentum is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum
lesser
114
1.the jejunum has a thicker muscular wall (than ileum) for more
active peristalsis
115
the jejunum/ileum has a mucosal inner lining of greater diameter for absorption and more villi
jejunum
116
the absorption of carbs and proteins occurs in what part of SI
jejunum
117
the absorption of bile salts and vitamin B12 occurs in what part of SI
ileum
| to remember think Intrinsic Factor starts with I ==> absorbs B12 and IF here in Ileum
118
the Ileum/jejunum has more mesenteric fat
ileum
119
the __ has more lymphoid tissue, more goblet cells, more mesenteric fat, and a more complex blood supply
ileum
120
Valves of Kerckring
permanent folds aka plicae circulares = most prominent in jejunum.
121
Valves of Kerckring can be seen macroscopically and consist of _ and _
mucosa and submucosa
122
the stomach and the small intestine cells are both
simple columnar
123
1. stratified squamous epithelia is in the
| 2. simple columnar epithelia is in
1. esophagus and anus
2. stomach and SI = think SI = SImple columnar and think stomach starts with S = same thing. colon (everything from stomach down except anus)
124
peristalsis for what organ is controlled by taeniae coli
colon (large intestine)
125
major function of colon is
removal of WATER from chime entering it (absorption of water)
126
1. does the SI secrete enzymes into its lumen?
| 2. does the colon secrete enzymes into its lumen?
1. yes
| 2. NO!
127
crypt of Lieberkühn found in? they are
intestines (both small and large)
| glands
128
the epithelium of the colon lacks/has villi
lacks
129
the _ nerve supplies PNS fibers to the ascending and transverse colon
vagus
130
the _ nerve supplies PNS fibers to the descending and sigmoid colon and rectum and anus
pelvic splanchic nerves
131
Hirschsprung's disease =
congenital disease caused by the absence of the MYENTERIC PLEXUS. = leads to decreased PNS activity = decreased motility and obstruction of the intestine
132
which cells in the crypt of Lieberkühn secrete antibacterial enzyme that maintains the GI barrier
paneth cells
133
brush border is in _ intestine
small
134
the intestinal glands aka
crypt of Lieberkühn
135
Paneth cells are specialized secretory epithelial cells located at the base of the intestinal crypts. they are most commonly found in __ part of SI
ileum
136
goblet cells secrete mucous and are abundant in the
ileum
137
enteroendrocrine cells secrete
enterogastrones (secretin and CCK) into blood stream
138
enteroendrocrine cells are abundant in the
duodenum
139
the pancreas lies in front or behind the stomach
behind
140
pancreas is in front or behind the aorta and inferior vena cava
front
141
the tail of the pancreas meets the _ on the _ side of the abdomen
spleen.
| left
142
patients with cancer of which part of the pancreas usually present with jaundice and why
head bc blocks the bile duct
143
the exocrine portion of the pancreas is formed by secretory cells surrounding the
acini sacs which produce the pancreatic juices into intestine
144
the endocrine portion of pancreas is the
islets
145
endocrine portion of pancreas alpha cells secrete
glucagon
146
endocrine portion of pancreas beta cells secrete
insulin
147
endocrine portion of pancreas delta cells secrete
somatostatin
148
pancreas gamma cells secrete
polypeptides
149
exocrine means secreted thru
a duct
150
pancreas secretes into
duodenum
151
acinar cells produce enzymes that digest
proteins, carbs and fats
152
CCK is produced in the
duodenum
153
which hormone regulates pancreatic juice secretion
CCK
154
which provides PNS stimulation to the sigmoid colon:
| vagus nerve/phrenic nerve/T1-L2/S2-S4
S2-S4
