Special Sense Organs

Question 1

rods/cones contain rhodopsin-a photopigment

Answer 1

rods = rhodopsin (need Vit A)

Question 2

cones/rods responsible for color vision

Answer 2

cones = color vision

Question 3

rods/cones used for dark adaptation

Answer 3

rods =dark ===> hint look at the letters = r and d

Question 4

rods and cones are located in the

Answer 4

retina

Question 5

which are more abundant: rods or cones

Answer 5

rods

Question 6

the __ is the innermost layer of the eye

Answer 6

retina

Question 7

the __ is the nervous tissue of the eye

Answer 7

retina

Question 8

retina receives visual stimuli and send the info to the brain. Photoreceptor cells called __ and __ compose the visual receptors for the optic nerve of the retina

Answer 8

rods and cones

Question 9

there are 4 different photopigments consisting of a protein called __ to which retinal is attached

Answer 9

opsin

Question 10

opsin differs from pigment to pigment and cnfer specific light sensitive properties on each photopigment. Retinal produced from ___ is added to opsin to make?

Answer 10

vitamin A ==> retinal ==> retinal + opsin = rhodopsin

Question 11

rods contain the photopigment

Answer 11

rhodopsin

Question 12

rods are numerous in the __ of the retina

Answer 12

periphery

Question 13

what are the 3 different types of cones?

Answer 13

red, blue, green (RBG), each contains a different photopigment and is selectively sensitive to diff wavelengths.

Question 14

cones are numerous in the _ of the retina

Answer 14

center of the retina, especially the fovea

Question 15

during dark adaptation (dark vision) rhodopsin is synthesized in the rods. Severe vitamin A deficiency over many months causes

Answer 15

night blindness

Question 16

___ are the principal photoreceptors during daylight or in brightly lit areas

Answer 16

cones

Question 17

Rods are more/less abundant?
Rods are more/less sensitive (than cones)?
more or less acuity?

Answer 17

rods are more abundant, have higher sensitivity and less visual acuity

Question 18

the crystal clear dome that covers the front of the eye is called

Answer 18

cornea

Question 19

the majority of the focusing in the eye is done by the:

lens or the cornea?

Answer 19

cornea! 70% of bending/refracting of light rays occurs here

Question 20

does the shape of the cornea change

Answer 20

no (with the exception of small changes over lifetime)

Question 21

the crystalline ___ finishes the focusing of light after the cornea does the majority.

Answer 21

lens

Question 22

can the lens change shape

Answer 22

yes. it can fine tune vision due to this ability.

Question 23

when the __ becomes cloudy = cataract

Answer 23

lens

Question 24

the opening in the middle of the iris

Answer 24

pupil

Question 25

part of the eye that gives it color

Answer 25

iris

Question 26

this part of the eye acts like a shutter allowing more or less light into the eye

Answer 26

iris

Question 27

this is a thin layer of nerve tissue that senses light. specialized cells called rods and cones convert light energy into nerve signals that travel thru the optic nerve to the brain.

Answer 27

retina | the retina is analogous to film on a camera

Question 28

this is the center of the retina that receives the focus of the object. nerve cells are more densely packed here especially the CONES so images focused here can be seen in greater detail

Answer 28

fovea

Question 29

the is the nerve that runs from the eyeball to the brain. carries info from the retina to the brain for interpretation

Answer 29

optic nerve

Question 30

the eyeball itself is divided into 2 segments each filled with fluid. the anterior segment has how many chambers

Answer 30

2 = anterior and posterior. anterior is between the cornea and the iris and the posterior between iris and lens

Question 31

the anterior chamber (both posterior and anterior) is filed with aqueous or vitreous humor?

Answer 31

anterior is Aqueous humor = watery (think your eyes water/tear in the front, and A is for anterior and aqueous

Question 32

the vitreous humor is thick and gelatinous and located in the __ of the eye

Answer 32

posterior

Question 33

sound waves strike the __ and cause it to vibrate

Answer 33

tympanic membrane

Question 34

vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the oval/round__ to vibrate next

Answer 34

oval window

Question 35

the oval window vibration causes the ____ in the bony labyrinth of the cochlea and the ___ in the membranous labyrinth to move.

Answer 35

perilymph = bony labyrinth | endolymph - membranous labyrinth

Question 36

the movement of the endolymph causes the ___ to vibrate

Answer 36

basilar membrane

Question 37

the movement of the basilar membrane stimulates hair cells on the __ to transmit nerve impulses along the cranial nerve ==> auditory complex = interpreted as sound

Answer 37

organ of Corti

Question 38

external ear made up of

Answer 38

auricle (directs sound waves) aka pinna | external auditory canal (meatus) = contains hair and cerumen (brown earwax), resonates sound

Question 39

the middle ear aka typmpanic cavity is located in the __ bone and is filled with

Answer 39

temporal bone and filled with air

Question 40

middle ear is made of

Answer 40

``` auditory tube = equalizes pressure and ossicles (malleus incus stapes) transmit sound to oval window and create a 22 fold amplification of sound from the tympanic membrane to oval window ```

Question 41

inner ear is formed by

Answer 41

a membranous labyrinth within a bony labyrinth

Question 42

the inner ear is mainly responsible for __ and __.

Answer 42

sound detection and balance.

Question 43

1. vestibular system, is dedicated to__ 2. The cochlea, dedicated to ___; converting sound pressure patterns from the outer ear into electrochemical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Answer 43

1. balance | 2. hearing

Question 44

The inner ear is innervated by the ___cranial nerve in all vertebrates

Answer 44

VIII = vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 45

The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth. There is a layer of ____ fluid between them

Answer 45

perilymph

Question 46

The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea. The vestibular system works with the___system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving

Answer 46

visual

Question 47

the vestibule is made of __ and is associated with sense of balance

Answer 47

saccule and utricle

Question 48

the semicircular canals are concerned with

Answer 48

equilibrium

Question 49

the cochlea contains 2 membranes: the _ and _

Answer 49

vestibular and basilar.

Question 50

the receptors for hearing are located in the _ and are called

Answer 50

organ of Corti | hair cells

Question 51

the basic functional unit of hearing is the

Answer 51

cochlea = transforms fluid vibrations from sound waves (mechanical energy) into nerve impulses (electrical energy)

Question 52

the tympanic membrane and tympanic cavity, semicircular canals, vestibule, and eustachean tube opening are located in the _ of the ear

Answer 52

middle

Question 53

the cochlea is located in which part of the ear

Answer 53

inner (along with the vestibular and cochlear nerve (CN 8)

Question 54

your patient just came back from an ophthalmology appointment where she received tropicamide to induce mydriasis. how will it affect her dental appointment

Answer 54

patient will be extra sensitive to the overhead dental light

Question 55

miosis is

Answer 55

constriction of the pupil

Question 56

mydriasis is

Answer 56

PROLONGED abnormal dilation of the pupil induced by a drug or disease and causes the eye to become extra sensitive to light

Question 57

myopia

Answer 57

nearsightedness = eye can focus on very near objects.

Question 58

hyperopia

Answer 58

farsightedness

Question 59

in ___ myopia/hyperopia: | the eye is too long for the refractive power of the lens, and far objects are focused at a point IN FRONT OF THE RETINA.

Answer 59

myopia (nearsightedness)

Question 60

myopia is caused by either 1. eye is too __ compared to normal 2. or cornea is __than normal

Answer 60

1. long 2. steeper to remember: think near sighted, the object is right in front (near) the retina and I cant see far bc im in a cave and the corn is steep

Question 61

to treat myopia what kind of lens would you wear: convex/concave/cylindric

Answer 61

concave myopia = cornea steep/eye too long/concave lens/far objects are focused in front of the retina to remember = think near sightedness, so the object focuses more near the object. in far sightedness the object is focused far away from the eye (behind the retina)

Question 62

in ___ myopia/hyperopia: | the light focuses BEHIND THE RETINA

Answer 62

hyperopia

Question 63

in hyperopia: | 1. the cornea is __ or the eye is __

Answer 63

cornea is flatter, or eye is shorter (remember in myopia the cornea was steeper or eye was longer)

Question 64

farsighted pp usually have trouble seeing up close but may also have difficulty seeing far away as well. to treat hyperopia what kind of lens? convex/concave/cylindric

Answer 64

convex

Question 65

___ occurs when the curvature of the lens is not uniform.

Answer 65

astigmatism

Question 66

astigmatism is corrected with which lens | convex/concave/cylindric

Answer 66

cylindric

Question 67

1. myopia lens 2. hyperopia lens 3. astigmatism lens

Answer 67

1. concave 2. convex 3. cylindric

Question 68

mnemonic for myopia and hyperopia

Answer 68

myopia is the "short" word = near sighted hyperopia is the "long" word = far sighted My cave" (Myopia - Concave)

Question 69

presbyopia

Answer 69

eye cant focus sharply on nearby objects - bc of loss of elasticity of the lens with advanced aging.

Question 70

presbyopia corrected with

Answer 70

bifocals = to remember just look at the word: presByopia = bifocals - only one with a B

Question 71

what are opsins

Answer 71

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in image-forming.

Question 72

what is visual purple

Answer 72

another name for Rhodopsin

Question 73

___is a biological pigment in photoreceptor cells of the retina that is responsible for the first events in the perception of light.

Answer 73

Rhodopsins belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor family and are extremely sensitive to light, enabling vision in low-light conditions