NBDE: ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: Nervous System Flashcards
(271 cards)
1
Q
which tract is responsible for coordinating eye and head movements?
a. tectospinal
b. rubrospinal
c. vestibulospinal
d. reticulospinal
A
a. tectospinal
2
Q
Tracts __ to the spinal cord are concerned with voluntary motor function, muscle tone, reflexes and equilibrium, visceral innervation and modulation of ascending sensory signals.
A
descending
3
Q
the single most important tract concerned with skilled voluntary activity is the
A
corticospinal tract
4
Q
corticospinal tract originates in the
A
premotor, primary motor and primary sensory cortex
5
Q
which spinal tract function is mainly inhibitory influence on motor neurons to skeletal muscles
A
medial reticulospinal
6
Q
which spinal tract function is mainly coordination of body movement and posture
A
rubrospinal
7
Q
which spinal tract function is mainly coordination of head, neck and eye movements
A
tectospinal tract aka colliculospinal
8
Q
which spinal tract origin is the red nucleus of the midbrain
A
rubrospinal
9
Q
which spinal tract function is mainly voluntary movement of the same side as location in the cord
A
anterior corticospinal (aka direct pyramidal)
10
Q
which spinal tract function is mainly voluntary movement of the opposite side as location in the cord
A
lateral corticospinal (aka crossed pyramidal)
11
Q
fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus are ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) tracts
A
ascending (sensory)
12
Q
pt w/ type II diabetes comes in to ER with painful blistering skin rash on his forehead. the localized area of skin with sensory innervation from a single nerve root of the spinal cord is called?
a. fasciculus
b. dermatome
c. spindle
d. bundle
A
b. dermatome
13
Q
dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by a _ nerve
A
single SPINAL NERVE
14
Q
each of the 31 segments of the spinal cord gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves which carry messages into and out of the CNS. All the nerves end up innervating a different region of the skin called a dermatome EXCEPT WHICH SPINAL NERVE
A
spinal nerve C1 - does not play a role in dermatomes
15
Q
the pattern of distribution of peripheral nerve is different from the dermatome pattern. T/f
A
true
16
Q
cranial nerve dermatomes do not overlap (not innervated by more than one nerve) whereas the spinal nerve dermatomes _
A
do overlap each other by 50% as insurance against anesthesia of a dermatome
17
Q
which dermatome is on your cheek
A
C2
18
Q
which dermatome is on your neck
A
C3
19
Q
which dermatome is on your clavicle
A
C4
20
Q
which dermatomes are in your hand
A
C6 = thumb and radius C7 = index and middle finger C8 = pinky and ring finger up to elbow (ulna)
21
Q
C7 and C8 are where
A
on your back and hands
22
Q
S2 and S3 are where
A
pubic region front and back of legs is S1 and S2
23
Q
S3, S4, S5 are
A
on your anus but area (S5 in the core)
24
Q
Wernicke’s area is in which cerebral lobe
A
temporal
25
the largest part of our brain is the
cerebrum aka cortex = outer layer of gray matter = associated with higher brain function such as thought and action
26
the limbic system is found buried in the
cerebrum
27
emotional brain is which lobe
temporal
28
basal nuclei are _ matter (white/gray) deep structures within each cerebral hemisphere that help control _ activity
grey
| skeletal muscle
29
name the 3 areas in your temporal lobe
Wernicke's - interprets words as heard and written
auditory area- detects auditory signal
short- term memory storage
30
mnemonic for temporal lobe
temporal = WAS (Tempora-ry)
Wernicke
Auditory
Short term memory (temporary memory)
to remember auditory is here just remember that your acoustic meatus (ear is here)
31
the visual area (detects visual signals) is in what lobe
occipital (think you have eyes in the back of your head)
32
the somesthic area is what lobe
somesthic (somatosensory = temperature, pain, sensations of body) = parietal lobe
33
which lobe controls motor function: the thin muscles of body ex mouth, feet, eye, fingers
frontal (think your motor is in the front of your car/brain)
34
which lobe coordinates movemente
frontal
35
the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe controls
elaborate thinking process
| planning of complex movements
36
what lobe controls speech (articulation of words)
frontal (motor area).
37
1. Forming words/articulation = _lobe
| 2. understanding speech =
1. frontal
| 2. temporal ( Wernicke's speech area)
38
understanding of written and spoken language is
Wernicke's speech area
39
where specifically is Wernicke's speech area
temporal lobe: brodmann area 22
| superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the dominant cerebral hemisphere (which is the left hemisphere in 95% of people)
40
Aphasia
is a disturbance of the comprehension and expression of language caused by dysfunction in the brain
41
which lobe is Broca's area and what is it responsible for
frontal of one hemisphere (usually the left), speech production. (think broken words). inferior frontal gyrus
42
name the 2 types of nervous tissue
neurons and neuroglial cells (glial cells)
43
__ transmit nerve impulses
neurons
44
do neuroglial cells (glial cells) conduct nerve impulses? function?
no. Glial cells are non conducting nervous tissue. they are "support cells"
45
name 3 types of neuroglial cells
astrocytes, microglial cells, and ciliated ependymal cells
46
__ are glial cells attached to the outside of a capillary blood vessel in the brain
astrocytes
47
phagocytes of the nervous system
microglial cells
48
ependymal cells in nervous system
form a sheath that lines fluid cavities in the ventricular system of the brain
49
perikaryon is aka
cell body (soma) aka cyton
50
cell body (perkaryon/cyton/soma) contain the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm.
1. They are located in the CNS as clusters called _
2. In the peripheral nervous system the groups of somas are called
1. nuclei = nuclei in CNS are a bunch of cell bodies
| 2. ganglia = groups of cell bodies in the peripheral
51
neuronal processes that send the impulse toward the cell body.
dendrites
52
Do all neurons have dendrites?
no some lack them
53
a nerve fiber is aka
axon
54
neurons classified according to structure can be bipolar, unipolar, or multipolar based on how many processes extend from the cell body. the most common type is
multipolar
55
neurons can be classified according to their function:
a. efferent = _
b. afferent = _
c. bw sensory and motor neurons ONLY inside CNS
a. motor
b. sensory
c. interneurons
56
whether or not someone feels different stimuli (pain, temperature, pressure) is determined by the
which nerve fiber type is stimulated
57
the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells = nutritive, supportive
58
oligodendrocytes are only found in CNS/PNS?
CNS = create the myelin sheath
59
purkinje cell, pyramidal neurons and motor neurons are __(unipolar/bipolar/multipolar/anaxonic neurons)
multipolar
60
retinal and olfactory neurons are __(unipolar/bipolar/multipolar/anaxonic neurons)
bipolar
61
touch and pain sensory neurons are __(unipolar/bipolar/multipolar/anaxonic neurons)
unipolar
62
the amacrine cell is __(unipolar/bipolar/multipolar/anaxonic neurons)
anaxonic
| Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina
63
Café au lait spots
pigmented birthmarks.
64
Lisch nodules
Lisch nodule is a pigmented hamartomatous nodular aggregate of dendritic melanocytes affecting the iris
65
hamartomas
benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin
66
neurilemmomas are a neoplasm of myelin producing cells in the peripheral nervous system known as
schwann cells
67
neurolemmocyte
| or neurolemma cell
schwann cells aka
68
are there schwann cells (neruolemmocytes) in the CNS
no! they are oligodendrocytes in the CNS
69
leptomeninges
The arachnoid and pia mater together, are sometimes called the leptomeninges, literally thin meninges
70
__ cells are the resident immune cells of the CNS. function resembles that of tissue macrophages
microglial
71
which ascending tract carries pain and temperature sensory to thalamus
lateral spinothalmic
72
lateral spinothalmic cord carries pain, temperature, and crude touch to which side
opposite side
73
anterior spinothalmic carries
crude touch and pressure
74
which tract caries discriminating touch and pressure sensations
fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
75
which tract carries unconscious kinesthesia
anterior and posterior spinocerebellar
76
tracts whose names begin with a part of the brain are motor/sensory
motor tracts
77
which spinal nerve structure is only composed of sensory fibers:
ventral root/dorsal root/ventral rami/dorsal rami
dorsal root
78
the spinal cord begins at the brainstem and ends at which vertebrae
the 2nd lumbar
79
at 31 places along the spinal cord, the dorsal and ventral roots come together to form spinal nerves. = contain both sensory and motor fibers as do most nerves. how many spinal nerves (name)
```
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (S1-S5)
1 coccygeal nerve
```
80
C1 nerve is bw
the cranium and the atlas (1st cervical vertebra)
81
spinal nerves divide into branches called
rami
82
ventral primary rami exit _ and dorsal primary rami exit
anteriorly
| posteriorly
83
a nerve plexus is a
network of adjacent spinal nerves that join together
84
head, neck, shoulders, diaphragm = _ plexus
cervical
85
the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles = _ plexus
brachial plexus
86
part of abdominal wall, lower limbs and external male genitalia = _ plexus
lumbar
87
perineum, buttocks, and most of the lower limbs = _ plexus
sacral
88
external female genitalia = _ plexus
pudendal
89
motor neuron pathways are of two types: 1. somatic =
| 2. autonomic =
1. skeletal
| 2. smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
90
the PNS = structures outside the CNS (brain and spinal cord). are the cranial nerves and spinal nerves PNS or CNS
PNS
91
the afferent division of PNS includes _ sensory neurons which carry impulses to the CNS from the skin, fascia, and joints along with _ sensory neurons from viscera of body (blood pressure, hunger pangs)
somatic
| visceral
92
the __ division of PNS includes somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.
efferent
93
what are the 2 divisions of the diencephalon
hypothalamus and thalamus
94
```
which of the following separates the occipital lobe and the cerebellum:
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
corpus callosum
```
tentorium cerebelli
95
the __ are 3 concentric protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (the CNS)
meninges
96
the outermost tough fibrous layer that lines the skull and forms the folds, reflections, that descend into the brain fissures and provide stability
dura mater
97
the 3 dural folds are
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
98
which dura mater fold lies in the longitudinal fissure and separates the cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
99
which dura mater fold separates the two lobes of the cerebellum
falx cerebelli
100
which dura mater fold separates the occipital lobe of cerebrum from cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
101
which layer of meninges is a fragile network of collagen and elastin fibers with a cobbweb like appearance.
arachnoid mater
102
name the order of meninges from scalp to brain
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater (DAP)
103
the innermost membrane of the meninges, extremely thin, made of collagen and elastic fibers and contains many blood vessels. adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
104
which layer of meninges is most vascular?
pia mater (arachnoid is moderately vascular)
105
the structures involved in meningitis are the
meninges (DAP)
106
if inflammation of the meninges (meningitis) becomes severe enough it could become
encephalitis (brain inflammation)
107
bw what layers of the meninges can you find cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
subarachnoid layer (between the arachnoid and pia layer)
108
name the two potential spaces in the meningeal area
epidural space and subdural space
109
where is the potential epidural space
over the dura mater. potential = means that normally it does not exist
110
when could the epidural space become a real space rather than a potential space
pathology ie accumulation of blood from a torn meningeal artery (epidural hematoma)
111
the subdural space is a closed space bw the
dura mater and arachnoid membrane -
112
often site of hemorrhage after head trauma
subdural space
113
in ventricles of the brain, the pia mater and ependymal cells contribute to form the _ plexus
choroid
114
the choroid plexus regulates the
intraventricular pressure by secretion of CSF
115
if you have an epidural hemorrhage what vessel associated with it?
middle meningeal
116
if you have an subdural hemorrhage what vessel associated with it?
bridging vein
117
if you have an subarachnoid hemorrhage what vessel associated with it?
circle of willis (berry aneurism)
118
mnemonic to remember what vessel responsible for hemorrhage?
1. epiDural = miDDle meningeal artery
2. suBdural = Bridging vein
3. subaraChnoid = Circle of willis
119
a rupture of middle meningeal artery will probably cause a _hemorrhage
epiDural
120
a rupture of bridging vein will probably cause a _hemorrhage
suBdural
121
a rupture of circle of willis (berry aneurism) will probably cause a _hemorrhage
subaraChnoid
122
the periosteal layer and meningeal layer =
dura mater
123
the falx cerebri seperates the 2 hemispheres of the brain. what does it attach to in front and back
It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli.
124
what 2 sinuses are contained in the falx cerebri
it contains the superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus
125
which cranial nerves arise in the pons
V, VI, VII
126
which CN arises in the inner ear and goes to the pons
VIII
127
what CN's are attached to the medulla oblangata
CN IX, X, XI, XII
128
what CN's are located in the anterior portion of the brain
I, II, III, IV
129
brainstem made up of
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and
130
centers in the brainstem regulate
vital functions: heartbeat, respiration, blood pressure
131
substantia nigra is in which part of brainstem
midbrain
132
substantia nigra help to control
movement
133
lesions to substantia nigra lead to
Parkinson's disease
134
the _ connects the cerebellum with the cerebrum
pons
135
one of the respiratory centers of the brain is in which part of the brainstem
pons
136
which cranial nerve exits thru the pons
V
137
the pons is involved with _ activity
motor
138
the medulla oblongata is the most inferior portion of the brainstem and is a small cone shaped structure that joins the spinal cord at the level of the
foramen magnum
139
what area in brainstem controls reflexes such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting
medulla oblangata
140
the reticular formation is grey matter in the _ that regulates
medulla oblongata
sleep, arousal (reticular activating center), pain perception, and includes the vital centers that regulate breathing and heart activity
141
what meningeal structure is a ring=shaped fold that allows the passage of the infundibulum of the pituitary gland?
diaphragm sellae
142
the dura mater is composed of how many layers
1
143
dura mater layers
1. _ layer adheres tightly to the inner surface of the cranium
2. the _ layer forms partitions (folds or reflections) into the brain's fissures and provide stability
1. periosteal
| 2. meningeal
144
the two vertical folds of the dura mater are the
falx cerebri and falx cerebelli
145
the falx cerebelli separates the two lobes of the ___ and contains the _ sinus
cerebellum
| occipital
146
falx cerebri = longitudinal fissure that separates the _ and contains _ sinus
cerebral hemispheres
| inferior and superior sagittal sinus
147
the horizontal fold of the dura mater is called the
tentorium cerebelli
148
tentorium cerebelli separates the _ and contains what sinuses
cerebrum from cerebellum
| straight, transverse, and superior petrosal sinuses
149
the dural venous sinuses lay bw the _ layers of dura
periosteal and meningeal layers
150
the sinuses in ur cranium contain __blood that originates from the
venous
| brain and cranial cavity
151
the sinuses contain an endothelial lining that is continuous into the veins that are connected to the sinuses. most of the venous blood in the sinuses drains from cranium via the
internal jugular vein
152
the diaphragm sellae is a ring shaped fold of dura mater that covers the _ and contains an aperature for the passage of the _
sella turcica
| infundibulum of the pituitary gland
153
the diencephalon lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and contains the
hypothalamus and thalamus
154
cell bodies in the CNS group together as_ matter
gray
155
axons/processes of neurons group together as _ matter
white
156
the 4 main parts of the brain are
cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
157
how many lobes in the cerebrum
4 paired lobes
158
the cerebral hemispheres are connected by _ matter called
white
| corpus collasum
159
80% of the brain is which part
cerebrum
160
two layers of cerebrum
cortex and medulla
161
the thalamus is grey/white matter
gray
162
the thalamus lies on either side of the
3rd ventricle
163
the ventricles are filled with
CSF
164
__ matter is mostly unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
gray
165
__ matter is mostly myelinated nerve cell bodies
white
166
support neurons in _ are Schwann cells and satellite cells
PNS
167
with the exception of microglia which derive from __ all neuroglia derive from __
```
microglia = mesoderm
neuroglia = ectoderm
```
168
main phagocytic cell and antigen presenting cells in the CNS are
microglia
169
ependymal cells
line most of the ventricles in the CNS
170
choroidal cells =
form the choroid plexus. SECRETE CEREBROSPINAL fluid
171
astrocytes
provide structural support in the CNS
172
besides the schwann cells and satellite cells all others are found in the
CNS
173
schwann cells are
flattened cells arranged in series around axons. form myelin in PNS
174
satellite cells
flattened cells support cell bodies in PNS
175
1. Schwann cells in the PNS myelinate _ axon
2. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS myelinate _ axons
(numbers)
1. ONE
| 2. many (50+)
176
cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the head are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to T4 of spinal cord
177
sympathetic division of ANS are derived from _ spinal nerves
T1-L2
178
1. which sympathetic neurons are myelinated and short
| 2. which are unmyelinated and long
1. preganglionic
| 2. post ganglionic
179
tone in most organs = PNS/SNS
parasympathetic
180
sympathetic tone is solely in the
BV, adrenal medulla, sweat glands, piloerector muscles of skin
181
septum pellucidum
how the lateral ventricles communicate with each other
182
the 4 ventricles of the brain connect with each other, the spinal cord, and the _ surrounding the brain and spinal cord
subarachnoid (remember this has the CSF and so do the ventricles)
183
the right and left ventricles are located
in the right and left cerebral hemispheres
184
interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
bw lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle
185
the cerebral aqueduct connects (aqueduct of Sylvius)
3rd and 4th ventricle
186
the 4th ventricle is dorsal to _ and ventral to _
dorsal to brainstem and ventral to cerebellum
187
foramen of Magendie (median aperture) and foramina of Luschka (lateral aperatures) allow communication bw the subarachnoid space and the
4th ventricle
188
the only ventricles that are paired are the
lateral (2) + 3rd (1)+ 4th (1)
189
cerebrospinal fluid produced by what structure located in all the ventricles
choroid plexus
190
CSF gets absorbed into the bloodstream in which sinus
superior sagittal sinus
191
arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi)
in superior saggital sinus = where csf is absorbed into bloodstream.
192
when will csf enter bloodstream?
when csf pressure is higher than venous pressure
193
arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi) are one way valves which means
if csf pressure is less than venous pressure blood can't pass into the ventricles thru them
194
```
the spinal cord terminates at the:
central canal
cauda equine
arachnoid space
filum terminale
conus medullaris
```
conus medullaris
195
conus medullaris is where the spinal cord ends at what level?
L1 to L2
196
the dura and arachnoid continue past where the spinal cord ends to the level of _ where the arachnoid fuses with the _
S2 filum terminale
197
a needle inserted bw the spines at L3, L4, or L5 will enter what space?
subarachnoid space = filled with CSF = wont injure the spine
198
if you wanted to insert a needle into the spine it should be below
L2 (conus medullaris)
L3-L5
199
cauda equina
nerve bundles in spinal column below the spinal cord that serves the legs
200
CSF is colorless thin fluid found where
ventricles of brain, subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord
201
subarachnoid space goes how far down the vertebrae
S2 (think S for subarachnoid and S2)
202
the choroid plexus regulates the intraventricular pressure by secretion of
cerebrospinal fluid
203
ependymal cells line the membrane of ventricles and of central canal of spinal cord. they also are in the choroid plexus of the CNS and participate in the
production of CSF
204
the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia are all
a. sympathetic ganglia
b. parasympathetic ganglia
c. both
b. parasympathetic ganglia
205
ciliary ganglion are which CN
CNIII oculomotor Parasympathetic ganglia
206
which muscle accommodates the lens: ciliary muscle or sphincter pupillae muscle
ciliary muscle
| CN III
207
which muscle causes miosis: ciliary muscle or sphincter pupillae muscle
sphincter pupillae muscle
| CN III
208
pterygopalatine ganglion = Parasympathetic ganglia of which CN
VII = lacrimal gland, oral and nasal mucosa
209
submandibular ganglion = Parasympathetic ganglia of which CN
CN VII = sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
210
Parasympathetic ganglia: otic ganglia = of which CN
CN IX = parotid salivary gland
211
S2-S4 = Parasympathetic ganglia that innervate
large intestine rectum genitalia, ureters, urinary bladder
212
what neurotransmitter is used in Parasympathetic ganglia of the CN's
both pre and post ganglionic synapses = AcH
213
sympathetic ganglia Nt
NE except on adrenal medulla where it is AcH
214
all sympathetic preganglionic neurons enter the paravertebral ganglion chain via the _ ramus
white (myelinated)
215
post ganglionic sympathetic nerves to peripheral organs are carried via the _ ramus
grey (unmelinated)
216
when does neurulation begin
3rd week
217
neurulation is the stage of organogenesis in vertebrae embryos, during which the neural tube is transformed into primitive structures that will develop into the
CNS
218
closure of the neural tube occurs in the middle and then moves anteriorly and posteriorly. failure to close the neural tube anteriorly causes
anencephaly = forebrain and skull degeneration = always fatal
219
failure to close the posterior neural tube =
spina bifida = in most severe form wont form the neural plate
220
dentist sticks paper into root canal to dry it out. Patient jumps up from pain. which type of primary afferent fiber carries info related to sharp pain and temperature
A-alpha fibers/A-beta fibers/A-delta fibers/C-nerve fibers
A-delta fibers
221
All the A fiber nerves (A-alpha fibers/A-beta fibers/A-delta fibers) are myelinated/unmyelinated
myelinated
222
the C-nerve fibers are myelinated/unmyelinated
unmyelinated
223
the thicker the nerve fiber, the _ the information travels in it
faster
224
__ nerve fiber carry info related to proprioception (muscle sense)
A-alpha
225
__ nerve fiber carry info related to touch
A-beta
226
_ nerve fiber carry info related to pain and temperature
A-delta
227
_ nerve fiber carry info related to pain, temperature and itch
C-nerve
228
mnemonic to remember the nerve fibers?
A-alPha = Proprioception
A-beTa = Touch
A-delTa = touch and pain
C- nerve = touch pain and itCh
229
all autonomic preganglionic synapses have _ as NT and _ receptors
AcH nicotinc
230
all postganglionic parasympathetic synapses have _ as NT and _ receptors
AcH
| muscarinic
231
most postganglionic sympathetic synapses have _NT and _ receptor
NE adrenergic
232
most preganglionic sympathetic synapses at adrenal medulla have _NT and _ receptor
AcH nicotinic receptor and release E (80%) and NE (20%)
233
sympathetic postganglionic NT at sweat glands? receptor?
AcH muscarinic
234
the only excitatory cell in the cerebellum:
| basket cells/stellate cells/granule cells/purkinje cells/Golgi cells
granule cells
235
Nystagmus
involuntary eye movement
236
dysmetria
altered range of motion (misjudge distance)
237
ataxia
altered voluntary movement
| abnormal gait and uncoordinated movements
238
dysfunctions of cerebellum?
"DIVA"
dysmetria, intention tremor (oscillating motion esp head during movement), vestibular signs (nystagmus, head tilt), ataxia
239
three layers of cerebellar cortex
```
molecular layer (most superficial)
purkinje layer (middle)
granular layer (deepest)
```
240
the _ layer of cerebellar cortex contains axons of granule, basket, and stellate cells
molecular
241
the Purkinje layer of cerebellum contains a single layer of large neuronal cell bodies =
purkinje cells
242
the granular layer of cerebellum contains
granule cells
243
the only output neuron from the cerebellar cortex are_ cells that utilize _
Purkinje cells = GABA to inhibit neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei
244
Granule cells use _ as an excitatory transmitter = excites Purkinje cells
granule cells
245
_ cells in cerebellar cortex are inhibitory interneurons that use GABA to inhibit Purkinje cells
Basket
246
behavior hearing speech vision and memory = _ lobe
temporal
247
balance and coordination
cerebellum
248
intelligence language reading and sensation = lobe?
parietal
249
behavior intelligence memory movement = _ lobe?
frontal lobe
250
t/f the dorsal root ganglion is a collection of cell bodies for afferent nerve fibers that exits just outside of the spinal cord
true
251
there is no ventral root ganglion t/f
true
252
there is no ventral root ganglion bc the motor efferent fibers have their cell bodies in the _
ventral horns of the spinal cord
253
the spinal cord extends from the base of the skull to about _ down the back
2/3
254
the spinal cord runs thru the
vertebral canal
255
In the developing NS, the __ is the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans
basal plate
256
neurons found in the basal plate are mostly motor or sensory
motor
257
neurons found in the alar plate are mostly motor or sensory
sensory
258
afferent nerves are what type
pseudo-unipolar type = have an axon with 2 branches that act as a single axon
259
upper motor neurons UMN are motor neurons that originate in the
motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem
260
do UMN directly stimulate the target muscles?
no. the main effector neurons for voluntary movement lie with layer V of the primary motor cortex and are called BERTZ CELLS
261
Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber they innervate:
name the two kinds of LMN's
alpha motor neuron and gamma motor neuron
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1. ___ motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers - the most numerous type of muscle fiber and the one involved in muscle contraction.
alpha
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gamma motor neurons innervate _ muscle fibers which together with sensory afferents compose muscle spindles. these are part of the system for sensing body position (proprioception)
intrafusal
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__ muscle fibers are skeletal muscle fibers that serve as specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors) that detect the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle
Intrafusal
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intrafusal muscle fibers constitute the muscle spindle and are innervated by two axons, one sensory and one motor. why are they called intrafusal?
Intrafusal muscle fibers are walled off from the rest of the muscle by a collagen sheath. This sheath has a spindle or "fusiform" shape, hence the name "intrafusal
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__muscle fibers are the skeletal standard muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up large mass of skeletal (striated) muscle and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons).
Extrafusal
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in the peripheral nervous system, which fibers carry impulses to smooth and cardiac muscle as well as to glands: visceral efferent/afferent?
visceral efferent fibers
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fibers of peripheral nervous system are either somatic/visceral and either sensory or motor. somatic sensory fibers (afferent) carry impulses from
cutaneous and proprioceptive receptors
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visceral _ fibers carry impulses from the viscera
sensory(afferent)
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_ fibers carry impulses to skeletal muscle
somatic motor fibers (efferent)
| from cortical levels to skeletal muscles and are all voluntary
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visceral motor (efferent fibers) carry impulses to
smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
| from hypothalamus and midbrain and are involuntary, but have input from the cortex and thalamus
