NBDE ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: Body Cavities, Ears and Eyes

Question 1

which organs are retroperitoneal?

stomach/kidneys/liver/gallbladder/IVC/spleen

Answer 1

SAID PUCKER

IVC, kidneys

Question 2

the abdominal cavity is the major part of the abdominopelvic cavity. it is bound by the _ and _

Answer 2

thoracic diaphragm and the pelvic inlet

Question 3

the abdominal cavity includes both the peritoneal cavity and the retroperitoneal space. peritoneum is a __ space bw the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

Answer 3

potential

Question 4

peritoneum is a thin, _ membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Answer 4

serous = ballon into which organs are pressed into from the outside.

Question 5

the peritoneum has both _ and _ layers just like the pleural cavity

Answer 5

visceral and parietal

Question 6

the _ peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Answer 6

parietal

Question 7

the __ peritoneum covers the organs

Answer 7

visceral

Question 8

the potential space bw the two layers of peritoneum is called the

Answer 8

peritoneal cavity

Question 9

the peritoneal cavity can be divided into 2parts: greater and lesser sac.
the _ sac is the main component of the cavity and extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis

Answer 9

greater

Question 10

the lesser sac is smaller and lies behind the __

Answer 10

stomach

Question 11

the two sacs are in free communication with one another through an oval window called the _ or _

Answer 11

epiploic foramen or opening of the lesser sac

Question 12

an organ is intraperitoneal when it is almost totally covered with _

Answer 12

visceral peritoneum

Question 13

name the intraperitoneal organs

Answer 13

stomach jejunum ileum spleen transverse colon liver and gallbladder

Question 14

retroperitoneal organs lie behind the peritoneum and are only _ covered with visceral peritoneum

Answer 14

partly

Question 15

the retroperitoneal organs are

Answer 15

aorta IVC kidneys adrenals pancrease ureters most of duodenum and ascending and descending colon

Question 16

mesenteries

Answer 16

2 layered folds of peritoneum connecting parts of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall. these folds permit blood, lymph vessels and nerves to reach viscera

Question 17

pt comes in w/diffuse abdominal pain, loss of appetite and a fever. on palpation of the lower right abdomen he feels pain and even greater rebound pain when the pressure is release. the diagnosis is appendicitis. the appendix is located in which abdominal region

Answer 17

iliac

Question 18

the ovaries, uterus urinary bladder, ureters, rectum, prostate, vas deferens, seminal vesicles sigmoid colon are in what quadrant

Answer 18

hypogastric (9 quadrants, this is the center bottom one)

Question 19

the small intestine is in

Answer 19

all the 9 quadrants

Question 20

the cecum and ascending colon is in the

Answer 20

right iliac

Question 21

the left kidney is in the

Answer 21

left hypochondriac

Question 22

the right kidney is in the

Answer 22

right hypochondriac

Question 23

in an elderly adult the thymus is mostly atrophied and the remains lie in the _mediastinum

Answer 23

superior

Question 24

in a pubescent boy the thymus is at its largest with a mass of 35g. when it is this size the thymus will be in which other division of the mediastinum?

Answer 24

anterior mediastinum

Question 25

the mediastinum contains the

Answer 25

lungs, heart, large vessels of the heart, esophagus, thymus lymph nodes bvs and nerves

Question 26

the mediastinum is divided into _ areas

Answer 26

4

Question 27

the inferior mediastinum is divided into

Answer 27

anterior middle and posterior

Question 28

the superior mediastinum divided?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

the sympathetic chain ganglia are in which mediastinum

Answer 29

posterior

Question 30

azygos vein is in which mediastinum

Answer 30

posterior

Question 31

the hemiazygos veins are in the

Answer 31

posterior mediastinum

Question 32

the main bronchi are in the

Answer 32

middle mediastinum

Question 33

the diaphragm is located in the _cavity (abdominal/thoracic)

Answer 33

thoracic (think breathing so with the lungs in the thorax)

Question 34

the dorsal/ventral cavity contains the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Answer 34

dorsal

Question 35

1. the vertebral and cranial cavity communicate with each other thru the 2. the dorsal cavity is lined with _ and the fluid in these cavities are

Answer 35

1. foramen magnum 2. meninges cerebrospinal fluids

Question 36

the 2 CLOSED cavities are

Answer 36

anterior (ventral) and dorsal (posterior)

Question 37

the _-cavity is divided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 37

ventral

Question 38

the thoracic cavity is surrounded by

Answer 38

ribs and chest muscles.

Question 39

the pleural cavities contain the

Answer 39

lungs and mediastinum (which contains the heart, large vessels of the heart, trachea, esophagus thymus, lymph nodes)

Question 40

the abdominopelvic cavity has 2 regions. the abdominal cavity contains the

Answer 40

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other internal organs

Question 41

the pelvic cavity contains the

Answer 41

bladder and repro structures and rectum

Question 42

in the male the pelvic cavity contains the

Answer 42

paired ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and the unpaired prostate.

Question 43

in the female the pelvic cavity contains the

Answer 43

paired ovaries and upaired uterus

Question 44

the two cavities in the ventral cavity communicate thru an opening in the diaphragm called the

Answer 44

hiatum

Question 45

extracellular fluid comprises + % of the amount of total body water? 25%/33%/50%/66%

Answer 45

33%

Question 46

the body's water is compartmentalized into several major divisions. the intracellular fluid (ICF) comprise what fraction of the body's water?

Answer 46

2/3 (inside cells) | =66%

Question 47

if your body weight is 60% water, how much ICF?

Answer 47

40%

Question 48

ICF is aka cellular soup made up of

Answer 48

mostly potassium and organic anions, proteins, etc

Question 49

is the ICF homogenous

Answer 49

no

Question 50

extracellular fluid (ECF) makes up _ of total body water

Answer 50

1/3 (33%)

Question 51

the ECF is primarily

Answer 51

NaCl and NaHCO3 soln

Question 52

the ECF is divided into 3 subcompatments:

Answer 52

1. interstitial fluid 2. plasma 3. transcellular fluid

Question 53

ISF (interstitial fluid) surrounds cells but does not

Answer 53

circulate. = 3/4 of ECF

Question 54

Plasma circulates as extracellular component of blood. it makes up _ of the ECF

Answer 54

1/4 (25%)

Question 55

transcellular fluid is a set of fluids outside normal compartments. these 1-2 L of fluid make up the _

Answer 55

CSF, digestive juices, mucus etc

Question 56

__ fluid bathes cells

Answer 56

tissue fluid

Question 57

___ is ECF in the cochlea in 2 of its 3 compartments: the scala tympani and scala vestibule

Answer 57

perilymph

Question 58

the ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and CSF. the major cation is

Answer 58

sodium

Question 59

___ is the fluid in the membranous labyrinth of inner ear.

Answer 59

endolymph

Question 60

the main cation in endolymph is __ which is secreted from the stria vascularis. this means that it is __ that depolarizes the electric current in the hair cells

Answer 60

potassium potassium depolarizes NOT SODIUM! note: Perilymph starts with P but has Na2+ ENdolymph has an N in it but contains K+ (opposite of what you would want to remember)

Question 61

``` all of the following are anatomic structures of the auricle exept one: tragus helix antrum concha ```

Answer 61

antrum

Question 62

the ___ear consists of the auricle (pinna) and the external auditory canal. it receives sound waves

Answer 62

external

Question 63

the __consists of cartilaginous antihelix, crux of the helix, lobule tragus, and concha

Answer 63

auricle

Question 64

the external auditory canal is narrow and measures 1 inch long. the cannal connect the _ with the _

Answer 64

auricle and tympanic membrane in middle ear

Question 65

the tympanic cavity is the _ ear

Answer 65

middle

Question 66

the middle ear/tympanic cavity is _ filled

Answer 66

air

Question 67

the malleus is aka

Answer 67

hammer

Question 68

the stapes is aka

Answer 68

stirrup

Question 69

the incus is aka

Answer 69

anvil

Question 70

the two muscles in the middle ear are the

Answer 70

stapedius (smaller muscle) and tensor tympani muscle

Question 71

the tympanic membrane consists of

Answer 71

layers of skin, fibrous tissue, mucous membrane = transmits sound vibration to the inner ear

Question 72

the inner ear is closed, fluid filled spaces within what bone

Answer 72

temporal

Question 73

the inner ear is a bony labryrinth which includes 3 connected structures =

Answer 73

vestibule, semicircular canals, and the cochlea

Question 74

vestibule, semicircular canals, and the cochlea are lined with a serous membrane that forms the

Answer 74

membranous labyrinth

Question 75

perilymph fills the space bw the

Answer 75

bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

Question 76

within the cochlea lies the cochlear duct, which houses the

Answer 76

organ of Corti

Question 77

the receptor organ for hearing is the organ of Corti that transmits sound to the cochlear branch of the __ nerve

Answer 77

acoustic VIII

Question 78

otitis media

Answer 78

middle ear infections

Question 79

middle ear infections (otitis media) are prevalent and may be due to connections bw the tympanic cavity and both the mastoid air cells and the nasopharynx. what is the most frequent microbe causing ear infections?

Answer 79

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 80

the auditory tube equalizes the pressure on either side of the typmpanic membrane. the middle ear communicates posteriorly with the mastoid air cells and the mastoid antrum thru the

Answer 80

aditus ad antrum

Question 81

which helps lens change its shape to better focus light to the retina?

Answer 81

ciliary body

Question 82

most of the focusing of light happens on the cornea/lens

Answer 82

cornea

Question 83

can the cornea regenerate

Answer 83

yes the outer layer is epithelium which is tough and regenerates quickly

Question 84

if cornea is reshaped to focus light better the _ is usually cut or removed

Answer 84

epithelia

Question 85

myopia is shortsightedness. the image is __

Answer 85

before the retina (think it is right in front of me=right in front of retina) and you need concave glasses bc I cant see far bc I live in a cave

Question 86

the white part of the eye that you can see is the

Answer 86

sclera

Question 87

the sclera provides

Answer 87

protection and structure

Question 88

conjunctiva is a _ layer that functions to

Answer 88

mucous, keep eye moist. thin membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball (the sclera).

Question 89

pink eye infections are common in the

Answer 89

conjunctiva

Question 90

lacrimal glands are found on the inner/outer part of each eye and produce __

Answer 90

outer tears | think lacrimal = lateral

Question 91

vitreous humor is gel like substance in the _ of eye (front/back?)

Answer 91

back (think vitreous = v in back vs aqueous =A in front)

Question 92

vitreous humor gives eyeball its

Answer 92

shape

Question 93

the aqueous humor is watery region in the _ of the eye

Answer 93

front (if ever confused, remember you wouldn't want gel like material in front of eye!)

Question 94

the aqueous humor is separated into two regions: the _

Answer 94

anterior chamber in front of the iris and the posterior chamber behind it.

Question 95

the canal of __ drains water in the aqueous region and is sometimes blocked leading to the disease =

Answer 95

Schlemm | glaucoma

Question 96

canal of Schlemm is a channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream via the _veins

Answer 96

anterior ciliary

Question 97

the dark black circle of the eye

Answer 97

pupil

Question 98

what contracts with brightness and expands darkness - the pupil or the iris?

Answer 98

pupil!

Question 99

the iris is the colored part of the eye. it contains the ___, a muscle used to narrow the pupil and the ___ a muscle used to dilate the pupil

Answer 99

sphincter pupillae | dilator pupillae

Question 100

the main purpose of the _ is to focus light by changing its shape

Answer 100

lens

Question 101

the ciliary body are muscles attached to the _ to help it change its shape and better focus

Answer 101

lens

Question 102

the retina is the innermost/outermost layer of sensitive tissue

Answer 102

innermost

Question 103

when light is transmitted to the _ it can be transmitted to the brain

Answer 103

retina

Question 104

the retina has many layers including the

Answer 104

rods and cones

Question 105

cells in the retina transform light into what kinds of energy

Answer 105

chemical and electrical energy

Question 106

the back center of the retina contains the ___ which is a highly sensitive part of the retina responsible for our DETAILED VISION

Answer 106

macula

Question 107

the center of the macula is called the __ which has a major role in DETAILED PERCEPTION

Answer 107

fovea

Question 108

when there is damage to the _ we are unable to see FINER DETAILS

Answer 108

macula