NBDE: ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: Muscle Flashcards
(301 cards)
1
Q
the neck is divided into triangles: the two most prominent are formed as the sternocleidomastoid crosses the neck to form the _ and _ triangles
A
anterior and posterior
2
Q
which muscle assists in opening the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube during swallowing
a. sylopharyngues
b. palatopharyngues
c. salpingopharyngeus
A
salpingopharyngeus
3
Q
the musculature of the pharynx is composed of entirely voluntary or involuntary muscles
A
voluntary
4
Q
where is the ONLY PLACE in alimentary tract that a layer of longitudinal muscles is contained within a layer of circular muscles
A
pharynx
5
Q
the _ layer of the pharynx includes the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors.
A
external circular
6
Q
the _ layer of the pharynx includes the palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, and the salpingopharyngeus
A
internal longitudinal
7
Q
all of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the _ nerve except the stylopharyngues which is innervated by the _ nerve
A
vagus
glossopharyngeal (IX)
8
Q
the __ is a muscle in the head that stretches between the temporal styloid process and the pharynx.
A
stylopharyngeus
9
Q
the origin of the stylopharyngeus is the _ and the insertion is the _
A
O: styloid process of temporal bone
I: lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
10
Q
The palatopharyngeus muscle is a small muscle located
A
in the roof of the mouth.
11
Q
Origin and Insertion of palatopharyngeus muscle
A
O: posterior border of hard palate and from the palatine aponeurosis
I: laryngopharynx and thyroid cartilage
12
Q
action of stylopharyngeus
A
muscle elevates the larynx and pharynx during swallowing
13
Q
action of palatopharyngeus muscle
A
pulls pharynx wall up. acting together they pull the palatopharyngeal arches towards the midline
14
Q
Salpingopharyngeus muscle Origin and Insertion
A
O: cartilage auditory (Eustachian) tube
I: palatopharyngues muscle
15
Q
Action Salpingopharyngeus muscle
A
elevate pharynx and open pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube during swallowing
16
Q
which contains thick myosin only:
H zone/I band/A band/all of them
A
H zone has only thick filaments
17
Q
the striated appearance of muscle has dark and light bands. which band represents each
A
I band is light band = only actin
A band is dark = both myosin and actin
18
Q
in the center of the I band is the
A
z line = dark line
19
Q
Only the _ change lengths in muscle contraction
A
H zone and I band
20
Q
the most superficially located and strongest muscle of mastication is the
A
masseter
21
Q
Origin and insertion of masseter
A
originates from the lower border and medial surface of the zygomatic arch. run down and back to attach to the lateral aspect of the ramus of the mandible.
22
Q
the strongest muscle of mastication
A
masseter
23
Q
in people with sever clenching, the masseter will be
A
enlarged
24
Q
the masseter forms a sling (masseteric sling) with what muscle
A
medial pterygoid
25
medial pterygoid has 2 head. the bulk of the muscle arises as a _ head
deep
26
the deep head of the medial pterygoid muscle arises from the
medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone)
27
the smaller superficial head of the medial pterygoid muscle arises from the
maxillary tuberosity and pyramidal process of the palatine bone
28
the medial pterygoid muscle inserts on the
medial angle of the ramus (where the masseter inserts)
29
which nerve is located directly on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle
lingual nerve
30
which part of the temporalis muscle helps the medial pterygoid and masseter muscles elevate the mandible during jaw closing (biting and chewing)
anterior
31
the superior origin of the lateral pterygoid muscle is from the infratemporal crest of the _
greater wing of sphenoid
32
the inferior origin of the lateral pterygoid is from the
lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
33
both heads of the lateral pterygoid insert into at the
articular disc of TMJ and neck of mandibular condyle
34
the _ pterygoid originate from the medial surface of sphenoid's lateral plate, and the _ from the medial surface of the lateral plate
medial pterygoid
| inferior lateral pterygoid
35
the superficial head of the lateral pterygoid originates from
sphenoid greater wing
36
the mandible is _ by the action of BOTH LATERAL PTERYGOID muscles
protruded
37
one lateral pterygoid muscle causes _ deviation
lateral deviation. shifts mandible to the opposite side
38
all muscles of mastication are innervated by the _
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)
39
the anterior and posterior pillars of the fauces enclose which area of lymphoid tissue:
a. lingual tonsils
b. pharyngeal tonsils
c. palatine tonsils
d. peyer's patches
c. palatine tonsils
40
transverse ridges on the palate called palatal rugae are located along the mucous membrane of the __ palate where they serve as friction bands against which the tongue is placed during _
hard
| swallowing
41
the _ is suspended from the soft palate
uvula
42
when we swallow what prevents food from entering our nasal cavity
uvula and soft palate are drawn upward, closing the nasopharynx
43
the _ is a narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx, situated bw the soft palate and the base of the tongue
fauces aka isthmus of the fauces
44
2 arches formed by the anterior and posterior folds of mucous membranes of the palate are the
palatoGLOSSAL arch aka glossopalatine arch, anterior pillar of fauces or anterior faucial pillar and the palatoPHARYNGEAL arch (aka pharyngopalatine arch, posterior pillar of fauces or posterior faucial pillar)
45
the _ arch in the palate is larger and projects farther down towards the midline than the anterior. It runs downward, lateral and backward to the side of the pharynx and is formed by the projection of the palatopharyngeus muscle
palatopharyngeal arch
46
the _ arch of the palate is on either side runs down, lateral and forward to the side of the base of the tongue and is formed by the projection of the palatoglossus muscle
palatoglossal arch
47
the palatal salivary glands are found under the mucous membrane of the
hard and soft palate
48
the palatal salivary gland are mostly _ type and contribute to the oral fluid
mucous
49
bifid uvula results from the failure of complete fusion of the
palatine shelves
50
a unilateral damaged pharyngeal plexus of nerves causes the uvula to deviate to the same side/opposite side
opposite
| bc uvula muscle shortens the uvula when it contracts and the muscle on the intact side pulls the uvula toward that side
51
```
which 2 muscles is innervated by the axillary nerve:
pectoralis major/minor
teres major
teres minor
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
```
deltoid
| teres minor
52
pectoralis major action
adduct the arm and rotates it medially
53
pectoralis minor action
pulls the shoulder down and forward
54
latissimus dorsi action
extends and adducts and medially rotates arm
55
deltoid action
abducts the upper limb at shoulder joint
56
teres major action
medially rotates and adducts the arm
57
the axillary nerve is mixed T/F
true
58
the motor branches of the axillary nerve innervate the _ and _ muscles
deltoid and teres minor
59
nerve supply to deltoid
axillary nerve (C5 and C6)
60
nerve supply to teres major?
lower subscapular nerve from posterior cord of brachial plexus
61
the muscles of the rotator cuff
suprspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
62
all of the following muscles are innervated by the same nerve that innervates the muscles of mastication EXCEPT one, which one?
a. mylohyoid
b. tensor tympani
c. tensor veli palatini
d. anterior belly of digastric
e. posterior belly of digastric
posterior belly of digastric (CN VII)
63
all muscles of mastication receive blood from the
pterygoid portion of maxillary artery
64
the _ branch of the maxillary artery supplies the masseter
messeteric
65
the _ branch of the maxillary artery supplies the temporalis
deep temporal branch
66
the _ branch of the maxillary artery supplies the medial and lateral pterygoids
pterygoid branch
67
1. Inferior oblique muscle of eye action ___ eye rotation.
| 2. Superior oblique __ eye rotation.
Eye rotation by oblique muscles "I Love S&M":
1. inferior = lateral
2. superior = medial
68
4 pairs of muscles in mandible make chewing possible. they can be grouped into 2 different functions. the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoids _ the mandible to _
elevate
| close the jaw
69
the second group of muscles is the lateral pterygoids that do what
depress the mandible, protrude the mandible and translate the jaw from side to side
70
all of the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve come from which branchial arch
1st
71
_ muscles of the tongue anchor the tongue to the skeleton
extrinsic
72
which extrinsic muscle of the tongue controls protrusion
| genioglossus/styloglossus/hyoglossus/palatoglossus
genioglossus
73
which extrinsic muscle of the tongue controls retraction:
| genioglossus/styloglossus/hyoglossus/palatoglossus
styloglossus
74
which extrinsic muscle of the tongue controls depression
| genioglossus/styloglossus/hyoglossus/palatoglossus
hyoglossus and genioglossus
75
which extrinsic muscle of the tongue controls lateral movement and elevates the tongue
genioglossus/styloglossus/hyoglossus/palatoglossus
palatoglossus
76
mnemonic to remember actions of extrinsic tongue muscles
when I get high I my nervous system gets depress: Hyoglossus depresses
when im depressed I wish a genie would protrude: genioglossus = depress and protrude.
styles go back retro = retract = styloglossus
palatoglossus = your palate spreads laterally = lateral and the tongue elevates to touch the palate
77
__ muscles of the tongue lie entirely within the tongue
intrinsic
78
the three types of intrinsic tongue muscles
transverse, longitudinal and vertical
79
all of the muscles of the tongue BOTH INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC (except palatoglossus) are innervated by the
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
80
the palatoglossus is innervated by the
CN X pharyngeal plexus
81
the palatoglossus arises from the _ and inserts into the
soft palate into the tongue
82
the _ artery supplies the tongue. it is a branch of the _ artery
lingual artery,
| external carotid
83
the deep lingual artery of the external carotid artery supplies which part of the tongue
tip
84
the veins of the tongue drain into the
internal jugular vein
85
1. the _ nerve supplies sensory input to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
2. the _ nerve supplies sensory input to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
1. V
| 2. IX
86
the muscles of the tongue are derived from myoblasts that migrate from the _
myotomes of occipital somites
87
CT, lymphatics, and BV's of the tongue are derived from the
pharyngeal arch mesenchyme
88
rhomboid major and minor innervation
dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
89
levator scapulae innervation
third and fourth cervical nerves and from the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
90
a girl is crying but only from her right eye. the half of her face is paralyzed. there is trauma to her buccal mucosa where her teeth have bitten her cheek. which muscle is responsible for keeping mucous membranes out of the plane of occlusion and food out of the buccal vestibule?
pterygoids/buccinator/masseter/temporalis
buccinator
91
buccinators is one of the muscles of the cheeks and lips. it has a complex origin from
maxilla along alveolar process bw 1st and 3rd molars
mandible along the oblique line of the bw 1st and 3rd molars
pterygomandibular raphe
92
the first muscle pierced when giving a mandibular IAN block is the
buccinator
93
the buccinator inserts into the _ at the angle of the mouth
orbicularis oris
94
the buccinator is traversed by the
parotid duct
95
is the buccinator a primary muscle of mastication
no
96
does the buccinator move the jaw
no
97
the buccinator is innervated by
CN VII (this explains why the buccinator does not move the jaw)
98
the platysma is innervated by
CN VII
99
platysma is mostly located in the
neck but bc of its common innervation it can be considered a muscle of facial expression
100
facial nerve innervates the facial expression muscles and what other muscles
platysma
posterior digastric
stapedius
stylohyoid
101
the buccinator blood supply
facial and maxillary artery
102
food accumulating in the vestibule may suggest the _ is not working properly
buccinator
103
if a needle enters the parotid gland during an IA injection and solution is deposited in the gland, the most likely result is
paralysis of the buccinator muscle
104
damage to the facial nerve or its branches may cause weakness or paralysis of facial muscles called
Bell's palsy
105
parotid duct travels over the _ muscle and penetrates the _ muscle to enter the oral cavity. it opens into the mouth opposite to the _
masseter
buccinator
max 2nd molar
106
all elevate the mandible except:
a. masseter
b. m. pterygoid
c. mylohyoid
d. temporalis
mylohyoid
107
temporalis originates from the
entire temporal fossa
108
the temporalis passes medialy (downward and deep) to the zygomatic arch before inserting on the
coronoid process of the mandible
109
the primary function of the _ portion of the temporalis is to elevate the mandible
anterior
110
the primary function of the posterior fibers (portion) of the temporalis is to
retract the jaw and maintain the resting position of closure of the mouth
111
the accessory depressor muscles (open mouth) of the mandible all have the _ bone in common as an attachment site
hyoid
112
suprahyoid depressors of the mandible are
mylohyoid geniohyoid digastric muscles
113
the paired mylohyoid muscles are attached to the mylohyoid lines on the internal surface of the mandible. the R and L mylohyoid muscles join in the midline to form the
floor of the mouth. the posterior end of this midline junction attaches to the hyoid bone
114
the 2 geniohyoid muscles are found next to each other on each side of the midline, directly on top of __
the mylohyoid muscles.
to remember, think of the alphabet, g comes before m, so g is on top of m
115
the geniohyoid attachments are
genial tubercle and the hyoid bone
116
digastric muscle bundle is divided into an anterior belly and a posterior belly by a short tendon. the intermediate tendon passes thru a loop of fibrous tissue secured to the body of the hyoid bone. the end of the anterior belly attaches to the digastric fovea and the posterior belly fastens onto the
mastoid process of the temporal bone
117
the action of which muscle would be affected if the hamulus is fractured
tensor veli palatini
118
the palatoglossus muscle pulls the root of the tongue _ and _ causing the oropharyngeal isthmus bw the oral pharynx and mouth to narrow
upward and backward
119
palatopharyngeus pull s the walls of the pharynx
up
120
levator veli palatini action
raises the soft palate
121
tensor veli palatini action
tighten the soft palate
122
what 2 muscles prevent food from entering nasal cavity by elevating the soft palate
tensor veli palatini
| levator veli palatini
123
uvular muscle raises and shortens the uvula to help
seal the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
124
all paired skeletal muscles of the soft palate are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus except for
tensor veli palatini = innervated by nerve to the medial pterygoid = branch of V3
125
the anterior zone of the palatal submucosa contains
fat
126
the posterior zone of the palatal mucosa contains
mucous glands
127
the salivary glands of the _ are located in the posterolateral zone
hard palate
128
which of the following travels w the esophagus thru the esophageal opening in the diaphragm:
a. aorta
b. thoracic duct
c. azygos vein
d. vagus nerve
e. right phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
remember that the vAGUS travels with the esophAGUS
129
the 3 larges structures that pass thru both abdomen and thorax
esophagus, aorta, inferior vena cava
130
the diaphragm is higher on which side
right: allows liver to be tucked under the bottom edge of the right ribcage
131
the esophagus passes thru the diaphragm while the _, _, and _ pass posterior to the esophagus
azygos, thoracic duct, aorta
132
the three openings in the diaphragm
aortic
esophageal
caval
133
the aortic opening transmits the
thoracic duct, azygous vein, and aorta
134
the esophageal opening in diaphragm transmits the
esophagus and right and left vagus nerves
135
the caval opening in diaphragm transmits the
inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve
136
external, internal, and innermost intercostals, subcostal and transversus thoracis are all _ muscles
respiratory
137
all muscles of inspiration are innervated by __ nerves, while the diaphragm is innervated by the _ nerve
intercostal nerves
| phrenic nerve
138
the phrenic nerve travels thru the thorax bw the pericardium and the pleura in the _ mediastinum
middle
139
which costal muscle can typically cross more than one intercostal space?
subcostal
140
there are 11 external intercostal muscles bw the ribs on each side. they pass which way
from rib to rib-anteriorly and inferiorly (hands in pocket direction) at right angles to the fibers of the internal and innermost muscles.
141
__ intercostal muscles raise the ribs during inspiration
external
142
__ intercostal muscles depress the ribs during exhalation
internal
143
mnemonic to remember intercostal muscles
Subcostal + INternal intecostal muscles = opposite of INspire = expiration = therefore ribs have to depress.
Think SUB IN
Transverse thoracic and EXternal intercostal muscles = opposite of EXpire = inspiration = therefore raise the ribs so you can enlarge the thorax
think TRANS EX
144
internal intercostal muscles run posterior and inferior while external run
anterior and inferior
145
innermost intercostals run in same direction as internal but separated from them by
nerves and vessles
146
the subcostal muscles originate on the inner surface of each rib near the costal angle and insert on the inner surface of the first, second, or 3rd rib below.action?
raise the ribs during inspiration (same as external muscles)
147
transverse thoracic muscles attach the posterior of the lower sternum to the costal cartilages 2-6. action?
same as internal: pull ribs down during expiration
148
the main muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
149
the main muscle of inspiration is innervated by the
phrenic nerve
150
the intercostal muscles are mainly active during
forced respiration
151
during quiet breathing the intercostal muscles do not produce
movement. they increase tonus allowing the thoracic wall to remain rigid
152
the intercostal muscles are innervated by their
corresponding intercostal nerves
153
globular actin (G-actin) molecules are arranged into double helical chains called
fibrous actin (F actin)
154
tropomyosin lie on surface of _ actin
F
155
calcium binds to
troponin C = unlocks the tropomyosin from actin
156
troponin is attached to
tropomyosin
157
myosin has 2 components:
light meromyosin (LMM) and heavy meromyosin (HMM).
1. ___ rod like backbone of myosin filaments
2. ___ shorter globular lateral cross bridges that link to the binding sites on actin molecules during contraction
1. LMM
| 2. HMM (think H looks like a link)
158
the right and left rectus abdominis muscles are entirely independent, being separated by a connective structure called the
linea alba
159
rectus abdominis muscles innervation
lower 6 thoracic nerves
160
rectus abdominis muscles action
compresses abdomen flexes vertebral column, accessory muscle of expiration
161
linea alba
tendinous raphe that runs down the midline of the abdomen in humans from xiphoid to pubic symphysis. separates L and R rectus abdomonis muscles. formed by fusion of aponeuroses of abdominal muscles
162
psoas major and minor, quadratus lumborum and iliacus are _ muscles
posterior abdominal muscles
163
the spermatic cord (round ligament of uterus) passes under the lower border of the
internal oblique
164
```
all are located bw the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors except one:
stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve
stylohyoid ligament
recurrent laryngeal nerve
```
recurrent laryngeal nerve
| located inferior to the inferior laryngeal constrictor
165
the _ constrictor of the pharynx constricts the upper pharynx
superior
166
the _ constrictor of the pharynx constricts the lower pharynx
middle
167
the _ constrictor of the pharynx constricts the lower pharynx
inferior
168
ALL of the constrictors of the pharynx insert into the
median pharyngeal raphe
169
the inferior constrictor of the pharynx origin
cricoid and thyroid cartilages
170
the middle constrictor of the pharynx origin
hyoid and stylohyoid ligament
171
the superior constrictor of the pharynx origin
pterygomandibular raphe and medial pterygoid plate
172
all of the circular (constrictor) muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the
pharyngeal plexus from vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, and sympathetic branch of superior cervical ganglion
173
the sylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus are all _ muscles of pharynx
longitudinal
| remember constrictors are circular
174
below the inferior constrictor you find
recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal nerve
175
between the middle and inferior constrictors you find
superior laryngeal artery and internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
176
above the superior pharyngeal constrictor you find
auditory tube
levator palatini muscle
ascending palatine artery
177
between the superior and middle constrictors you find
stylopharyngeus muscle stylohyoid ligament
| glossopharyngeal muscle
178
the CT layer surrounding each individual muscle fiber is called the
endomysium
179
the _ is CT that envelopes the ENTIRE SKELETAL MUSCLE
epimysium
180
the _ is a continuation of the epimysium fascia, dividing the interior of the muscle into bundles of muscle cells
perimysium
181
the bundle of cells surrounded by each perimysium is called a
fasciculus
182
peristalsis is produced by which type of muscle tissue?
| smooth/striated/skeletal/cardiac
smooth muscle tissue
183
tunica means
walls
184
smooth muscle tissue is particulary prevalent in the tunica of
hollow internal organse
185
__muscle fibers are ELONGATED and SPINDLE SHAPED with a SINGLE NUCLEUS
smooth
| =lack transverse striations
186
smooth muscles are responsible for _ movement of internal organs
involuntary
187
single unit/multi unit smooth muscle have numerous gap junctions (electrical synapses) and contract WITHOUT NERVE signals
single unit
188
single unit/multi unit smooth muscle lack gap junctions and are autonomically innervated
multi unit
ex. ciliary muscle and smooth muscle of iris, ductus deferens and arteries
189
a surgeon accidentally transects a nerve. patient presents with hoarseness and difficulty breathing. loss of sensation below vocal folds and loss of motor innervation to al of the intrinsic muscles of larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. which nerve was cut
recurrent laryngeal nerve
190
recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles except the
cricothyroid
191
the cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the _
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
192
sensation _ the vocal folds is supplied by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
above
193
sensation _ the vocal cords is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
below
194
the _ laryngeal nerve plays an important role in the cough reflex
internal
195
the muscle that forms the bulk of the anterior axillary fold is the
pectoralis major
196
all infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ANSA CERVICALIS (C1, C2 and C3) except one:
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thryohyoid
omohyoid
thryohyoid
| = supplied by C1 via the hypoglossal nerve
197
which is not a characteristic of cardiac muscle
a. multinuclear
b. intercalated discs
c. gap junctions
d. desmosomes
a. multinuclear
198
is the heart a true syncytium or functional syncytium
functional
true means the cells are fused together sharing same plasma membrane = skeletal muscles
199
myofilaments
contractile units of actin and myosin
200
within intercalated discs ___ attach one cell to another, while _ allow electrical impulses to spread from cell to cell
desmosomes
gap junctions
201
cardiac muscle fibers contract w/o any nerve stimulus. T/F
true
202
cardiac muscle fibers increase their size in response to increasing demand. this is called
compensatory hypertrophy
203
which muscle types cannot mitotically divide
skeletal and cardiac cannot. certain smooth muscle fibers can under hormonal influences ex. during pregnancy the smooth muscle fibers of the myometrium of the uterus increase in length and new cells are formed
remember mnemonic: CNS: cardiac, neurons, and skeletal muscle
204
dental student performing IA block passes the ramus and the patient complains he cant move his face. what gland did the dental student penetrate
parotid gland
205
if the tip of the needle passes POSTERIORLY at the level of the mandibular foramen the needle will penetrate the
parotid gland = facial paralysis of facial expression muscles
206
if the needle is resting WELL BELOW the mandibular foramen you will penetrate the
medial pterygoid muscle
207
correct needle placement in IA block should go into
pterygomandibular space
208
where is the pterygomandibular space
between the medial pterygoid muscle and the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible. T
209
borders of pterygomandibular space
the posterior border of the buccal space anteriorly
the parotid gland posteriorly
the lateral pterygoid muscle superiorly
the inferior border of the mandible (lingual surface) inferiorly
the medial pterygoid muscle medially (the space is superficial to medial pterygoid)
the ascending ramus of the mandible laterally (the space is deep to the ramus of the mandible
210
biceps brachii is the major _ of the elbow joint and _ of the forearm
flexor of elbow
| and supinator of the forearm
211
coracobrachialis action
flexes arm
212
triceps brachii action
extends the forearm
213
triceps brachii innervation
radial nerve
214
all anterior arm muscles innervated by
musculocutaneous nerve
215
the _ nerve is most commonly injured in a mid-humeral shaft fracture bc this nerve runs in the radial groove of the humerus.
radial
216
the _ participates in flexion at both the glenohumeral and humeroulnar joints
biceps brachii
217
which muscle originates from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
superficial/deep head of medial pterygoid
deep medial pterygoid
218
a patient was hit with uppercut and heard a crack in his jaw joint. A CT scan shows a condylar fracture with damage to the articular disc. when the patient attempts protrusion, the mandible deviates to the left. which muscle is unable to contract?
left lateral pterygoid
when one muscle is not functioning, the contralateral muscle's action is unopposed. so the left side is not pushing the mandible to the right, so the right pterygoid can push the mandible to the left.
219
the _ acting together are the prime protractors (protruders) of the mandible
lateral pterygoids
220
in addition to protrusion the lateral pterygoids move the mandible
from side to side.
221
for right lateral excursive movements, the _ muscle is the prime mover and vice versa
left lateral
222
with what kind of injury may muscle contractions result in displacement of the injured condyle into the infratemporal fossa?
condylar neck fracture,
223
a 46 year old woman comes into office for cleaning. her tongue is swollen fiery red and smooth. she has loss of appetite and feels fatigues. she has iron deficiency anemia and glossitis. in glossitis, the smooth nature is caused by a lack of which papillae that are the most numerous and cover the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
filiform
224
filiform papillae are most numerous and arranged in a V shaped rows paralleling the sulcus terminalis in the anterior 2/3 of tongue. what else is unique about them (2)?
no taste buds and increased keratinization
serve to grip food
225
mushroom shaped knob liked papillae found on TIP AND SIDES OF TONGUE
fungiform
226
the largest and fewest (7-12) papillae
circumvallate (vallate)
227
which papillae are associated with the ducts of Von Ebner's glands
circumvallate
228
cicumvallate are innervated by
IX glossopharyngeal (makes sense bc posterior 1/3)
229
fungiform are innervated by
facial nerve (makes sense since they are in the anterior 2/3)
230
receptors for taste buds are associated with peg like projections on the tongue mucosa called
lingual papillae
231
a single taste bud contains 50-100 taste cells representing which taste sensations?
ALL 5
232
all tastes are detected on all parts of the tongue, bit each region of the tongue varies in the level of sensitivity to the taste: the tip of tongue is sensitive to
sweet
233
the sides of the tongue is sensitive to
sour
234
the tip and sides of the tongue is sensitive to
salty
235
the back of the tongue is sensitive to
bitter
236
the back and sides of the tongue sensitive to
umami
237
the tip is sensitive to both
sweet and salty
238
the sides of the tongue are sensitive to
sour salty and umami
239
the back of the tongue is sensitive to
bitter and umami
240
where are most of the receptors for the taste nerve fibers
roof and tongue of mouth in CN VII, CN IX, and CN X
241
beneath the tongue you find openings of ducts to which glands
submandibular and sublingual
242
the _ forms the midline ridge on the lower surface of the tongue
frenulum
243
the paired deep arteries and veins lie on each side of the
frenulum
244
Plummer-Vinson syndrome presents as a triad of __ due to esophageal webs, glossitis and iron deficiency anemia. most often in?
dysphagia
| postmenopausal women
245
which of the following muscles cells do not contain troponin:
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
smooth
246
smooth muscles have how many nuclei located where?
1
| in the WIDEST PART of each fiber
247
what shape are smooth muscle fibers
spindle shaped (fusiform)
248
Do smooth muscles have T tubules?
NO. only cardiac and skeletal = striated muscles have t tubules
249
the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle is
poorly developed
250
smooth muscle contraction is _fast/slow
slow and involuntary
251
calmodulin, caldesmon and calponin are proteins found in which muscle type
smooth
252
in smooth muscle which is the regulatory protein calmodulin, caldesmon and calponin
calmodulin
253
the ONLY type of muscle that has multinucleated
skeletal
254
the nuclei of skeletal muscle (multinuclei) are located where in the cell
on the periphery
255
skeletal muscle has _ sarcoplasmic reticulum
very well developed and voluntary control
256
the contractile element in skeletal muscle
myofibrils (actin and myosin)
257
Cardiac muscle cells contain _ placed nuclei
centrally (think c for cardiac and centrally)
258
cardiac cells also have intercalated discs with
desmosomes and gap junctions in them
259
what cell in skeletal muscle is responsible for regeneration
satellite
260
major regulatory proteins in muscle tissue are
troponin and tropomyosin
261
cytoplasm of muscle cells are called
sarcoplasm
262
the sarcoplasm of each skeletal muscle fiber contains many parallel
myofibrils
263
when muscles hypertrophy what increases in size
myofibrils (actin and myosin)
264
In cardiac and skeletal muscles, calcium binds to
troponin C
265
in smooth muscle calcium binds to
calmodulin
266
which muscle elevates and ABducts the eyeball?
inferior oblique
267
action of medial rectus extraocular muscle? innervation?
ADDucts
| CNIII
268
action of lateral rectus extraocular muscle? innervation?
ABducts
| CN VI
269
action of inferior oblique extraocular muscle? innervation?
elevates, ABducts and laterally rotates.
| CNIII
270
action of superior oblique extraocular muscle? innervation?
elevates, ADDucts and medially rotates
271
mnemonics to remember oblique eye muscles
all the oBliques aBduct
if superior oblique -does opposite: depresses.
if inferior oblique does opposite: elevates.
I Love S & M = Inferior = lateral rotation
Superior = Medial rotation
272
mnemonics to remember superior and inferior rectus eye muscles
all rectus ADDucts except lateral rectus. superior elevates, inferior depress. and same I Love S & M for rotation
273
Oblique eye muscles always
aBduct and do the opposite of what you think.
274
All superior and inferior eye muscle rule?
I LOVE S & M rotation
275
Lateral and medial eye muscle rule?
normal. medial adduct, lateral abducts
276
all extraocular eye muscle blood?
ophthalmic artery
277
all infrahyoid muscles innervation (except one)
all are Ansa cervicalis
| except thyrohyoid = C1 via CNXII
278
all soft palate are supplied by _ (except one)
pharyngeal plexus IX and X
| except tensor veli palatini = nerve to medial pterygoid (V3)
279
all tongue muscles supplied by _ except _
```
hypoglossal (XII)
except palatoglossus (X)
```
280
all larynx supplied by _ except_
recurrent laryngeal
| except cricothyroid = external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
281
all pharynx is supplied by __ except
pharyngeal plexus IX and X
| except stylopharangeus = CNIX
282
both the soft palate and pharynx supplied by
pharyngeal plexus IX and X
283
does smooth muscle or cardiac attach to the skeleton
no
| only skeletal muscle does
284
the only muscle type that is NOT striated
smooth
| cardiac and skeletal are
285
sarcoplasmic reticulum is extensive in _ muscle
skeletal
286
sarcoplasmic reticulum is intermediate in _ muscle
cardiac
287
sarcoplasmic reticulum is limited in _ muscle
smooth
288
_ muscle fiber shape is cylindrical
skeletal muscle
289
_ muscle fiber shape is branched
cardiac
290
_ muscle fiber shape is fusiform
smooth muscle
291
the only muscle type that does not have a functional syncytium
skeletal
| smooth and cardiac does
292
the only muscle type that is multinucleated
skeletal
| smooth and cardiac have single nucleus
293
the only muscle type with no sarcomeres
smooth
| skeletal and cardiac have them
294
the only muscle type that has no z lines, instead the actin is attached to dense bodies
smooth muscle
295
the only muscle type that binds calcium via calmodulin
smooth muscle
| others are troponin C
296
the only muscle type that has an all or none response to stimulus
cardiac
297
the only muscle type that has responds to stimulus by graded recruitment
skeletal muscle
298
the only muscle type that responds to stimulus by changes in tone or rhythm
smooth muscle
299
the only muscle that does not have electrical coupling bw fibers
skeletal
300
smooth muscle has electrical coupling bw fibers via
gap junctions
301
cardiac muscle has electrical coupling bw fibers via
gap junctions and intercalated discs
