NBDE ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: Lymphatics Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
All lymphatic organs contain
A
lymphocytes
2
Q
main function of lymphatic system is to
A
collect and transport tissue fluids from spaces in tissues back to vein in the blood system
3
Q
lymphatic system consists of
A
bone marrow spleen thymus gland lymph nodes tonsils appendix Peyer's patches lymph and lymphatic vessels
4
Q
unlike the circulatory system the lymphatic system does not have a _ to propel lymph thru the vessels
A
pump
5
Q
how does lymphatic system move fluid
A
- it has valves (like in veins)
- depends on skeletal muscle contractions
- breathing
- gravity
6
Q
when tissue fluid is returned to the bloodstream it is now called
A
lymph
7
Q
lymph is returned to the venous system via (2)
A
Right lymphatic Duct (in neck) Thoracic duct (in thorax)
8
Q
lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to blood stream, transports __, and provides immunological defense against disease
A
absorbed fats
9
Q
within the small intestine villi are lymph capillaries called __ that transport absorbed fat products away from the GI tract and into circulation
A
lacteals
10
Q
the __ duct collects lymph from most of body regions and ascends to the root of neck on left side and opens into the _
A
thoracic duct = junction of left subclavian vein and the left internal jugular vein
11
Q
the right lymphatic duct in the neck drains away fluid in the
A
Right side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and arm.
12
Q
the right lymphatic duct empties into the
A
right subclavian vein
13
Q
lymph nodes are small oval bodies enclosed in _ capsule
A
fibrous
14
Q
lymph nodes contain phagocytic cortical tissue called __ to filter lymph
A
reticular tissue
15
Q
specialized bands of CT, called __ divide the lymph node
A
trabeculae
16
Q
the thoracic duct receives lymph from _ of the 4 quadrants of the body
A
3
17
Q
the afferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph into the node’s ____
A
subscapular sinus ==> cortical sinus ==> superficial cortex and paracortex.
or subscapular sinus ==> cortical sinus ==> medulaary sinus
18
Q
the afferent vessels enter on the __ convex/concave surface of the node
A
convex
19
Q
are there more afferent or efferent vessels in a lymph node
A
afferent
20
Q
the spleen, thymus, palatine, and paharyngeal tonsils do/do not have numerous afferent vessels entering them as do lymph nodes
A
do not
21
Q
what part of the lymph node is dominated by T-cells
A
paracortex
22
Q
the lymph node is bean shaped. it has a hilum into which _ enter and _ emerge
A
blood vessels enter (artery/vein) and efferent lymphatics emerge.
23
Q
the afferent lymphatic vessels penetrate the convex surface of the gland and drain into _ and _ sinus system
A
subscapular and medullary sinus
24
Q
the lymphoid parenchyma is subdivided into (3)
A
cortex, paracortex, and medulla.
25
the most prominent structures in the cortex are the
lymphoid follicles
26
what vessels in our bodies have valves
lymphatics and veins
27
the primary lymphatic organs are responsible for the generation and selection of lymphocytes. these are the (2)
thymus and bone marrow
28
secondary lymphatic organs are the
spleen tonsils, lymph nodes, appendix = filtering component
29
primary lymph nodes make lymphocytes, secondary lymphatic organs _
filter
30
name the diffuse lymphoid tissues
```
MALT = mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
GALT = gutassociated lymphoid tissue
BALT = bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
```
31
the tonsils and Peyer's patches are in BALT/GALT/MALT
GALT
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The gastrointestinal tract's immune system is often referred to as __and works to protect the body from invasion
gut-associated lymphoid tissue GALT
33
the common component of all lymphatic tissues is the presence of
lymphocytes
34
transported absorbed fats within the villi in the small intestines enter lymph capillaries called lacteals and transport fat away from GI tract and eventually enter circulatory system thru _ duct
thoracic
35
lymph nodes filter and have been shown to trap _ cells in body
cancerous
36
lymph contents:
liquid portion that resembles blood plasma, and WBC (mostly lymphocytes) and a few RBC's
37
in the ____, a hallmark of lymphatic vessels is that they FOLLOW THE VEINS
upper limb
38
T cells are produced in the _ and mature in the _
produced in bone marrow
| mature in thymus
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the thymus is a _ lobed lymphoid organ
bilobed
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does the thymus contain lymph nodules or vessels
no
41
main function of the _ is to potentiate immunocompetent T cells from their immunoincompetent precursors
thymus
42
the thymus is relatively large in ___, and continues to grow until _
newborns
| puberty
43
at puberty the thymus undergoes involution, being replaced by
adipose tissue
44
in the adult/child thymus the blood is isolated from the parenchyma (the functional part of the gland) = blood thymus barrier
adult.
in child thymus the blood supply is not isolated from parenchyma
45
Hassall's corpuscules are found in the _
medulla of thymu = eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically with unclear function
46
the congenital disease characterized by absent or underdeveloped thymus and parathyroid glands due to deletion of chromosome 22.
DiGeorge's syndrome
47
DiGeorge's syndrome patients have a profound immunodeficiency due to a lack of _ cells
T cells ONLY. no other immune cell is affected
48
the largest lymph organ is the
spleen
49
the spleen lies bw
stomach and diaphragm
50
the spleen is covered by peritoneum except at the
hilum
51
the spleem is enclosed in fibroelastic capsule that dips into the organ forming ___
trabeculae
52
does the trabeculae divide the spleen in to lobules/lobes?
no! that is only in the lymph nodes
53
the cellular material in the spleen consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages is called _
splenic pulp = lies bw trabeculae
54
the spleen is supplied with blood from the
splenic artery
55
the_ is the largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body
spleen
56
the spleen can be considered as 2 organs in one bc it
filters blood and removes abnormal cells ie. old RBCs and it makes antibodies and lymphocytes = disease fighting
57
the red pulp of the spleen consists of
BV's (splenic sinusoids) and CT (splenic cords)
58
the red/white pulp filters the blood and removes the old and defective blood cells.
red
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the __ and __ are the site of erythropoiesis (blood formation) in the fetus and infant
spleen and liver
60
the white pulp is inside the
red pulp
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_ are made in the white pulp of the spleen
antibodies
62
```
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue drains into:
deep cervical nodes
facial nodes
occipital nodes
submandibular nodes
submental nodes
jugulodigrastic nodes
```
deep cervical nodes
63
the _ receives efferents from the salivary and thyroid glands, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, the tonsils, the nose, the pharynx and the larynx
deep cervical lymph nodes
64
salivary and thyroid glands, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, the tonsils, the nose, the pharynx and the larynx efferents join together to form the
jugular lymph trunk
65
the jugular lymph trunk drains either into the _ on the left or the _ on the right or independently drains into either the internal jugular, subclavian, or brachiocephalic veins
thoracic duct - left
| right lymphatic duct on the right
66
the nose, front of scalp, cheeks upper lip and lower lip (except central part) the parnasal sinuses, the maxillary and mandibular teeth (except the mandibular incisors) the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (except the tip) the floor of the mouth and the gingiva drain their lymph into
submandibular lymph nodes
67
the tip of the tongue, floor of mouth beneath the tip of the tongue, the mandibular incisor teeth and associated gingiva, center part of lower lip and skin over chin drain lymph into
submental lymph nodes
68
submental lymph nodes have efferent vessels that drain into the
submandibular and deep cervical nodes
69
1. anterior 2/3 of tongue (except tip) drains into
2. tip of tongue into
3. parotid lymph node
1. submandibular lymph node
2 submental
3. deep cervical nodes
70
spleen is in which quadrant
Located in LUQ
71
3 types of tonsils (clusters of WBCs)
lingual (on tongue)
palatine (on sides)
pharangeal (adenoids)
72
Tonsillar Ring (Waldeyer’s ring)
the lymphatic tissue that surrounds the posterior orifice of the oral and nasal cavities and contains clusters of lymph nodules
73
when antigen recognition occurs by a lymphocyte, B cells are activated and migrate to which area of the lymph node
germinal centers
74
lymph nodes contain a lot of _ in order to do their main function = filtering
macrophages
75
nodes also produce _ and store _
produce antibodies,
| store lymphocytes
76
A lymphocyte is any of 3 types of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system. Name them
T cell
B cell
and NK
77
All 3 lymphocytes are agranulocytes/granulocytes
agranulocytes
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each lymph node is enclosed in a ___ with internal ___
```
fibrous capsule
internal trabeculae (CT)
```
79
Do primary follicles respond to antigens
no
80
secondary follicles contain predominantly _ cells
B cells = germinal centers = active follicles responding to antigen and source of lymphocytes
81
medullary cords are a source of
plasma cells aka medullary sinuses = secrete antibodies
82
the outer cortical region of lymph node consists of
lymphoid follicles
83
lymph nodes can be classified as primary or secondary. the lymph from a region drains into a _ node (regional node) and then they drain into _ (central node)
primary --> drain into secondary
84
where do mature B lymphocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate and mutate their antibodies, and class switch their antibodies during a normal immune response to infection
germinal center
85
what cells are the main types of cells in the medullary cords
B cells and plasma cells
86
the lymph from the lower extremities drains into the
a. left subclavian vein
b. junction of the left internal jugular and subcalvian veins
junction of the left internal jugular and subcalvian veins
87
the ___ duct is the main duct of the lymphatic system and is located in the__
thoracic
| POSTERIOR mediastinum
88
the thoracic duct begins below the abdomen as a dilated sac called the
cisterna chyli
89
cisterna chhyli is located at the level of the _ vertebra
T12
90
the thoracic duct is about _ long
40cm
91
the thoracic duct empties into the __
left venous angle between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein
92
the right lymphatic duct is about _ long
1cm
93
the right lymphatic duct empties into the
right venous angle at the junction of the right internal jugular vein with the right subclavian vein
94
the junction of the right internal jugular vein with the right subclavian vein is the beginning of the
right brachiocephalic vein
95
left venous angle between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein is the beginning of the
left brachiocephalic vein
96
the thoracic duct ascends through the __ in the diaphragm on the __ side of the descending aorta
aortic opening on the right side of the descending aorta
97
does the thoracic duct contain valves?
yes
98
the thoracic duct ascends bw the aorta and the __ vein in the thorax
azygos vein
99
the intercostal lymphatic vessels transport lymph from the left and right intercostal spaces to the
thoracic duct
100
mammary glands drain lymph into the _lymph nodes
axillary (armpit)
101
kidneys drain lymph into the _ lymph nodes
lumbar
102
lungs and trachea drain lymph into the ___ lymph nodes
hilar = located in hilium of the lung
103
which is not a function of the spleen:
1. storage of blood platelets
2. storage of iron
3. forming crypts that trap bacteria
4. removing old or defective blood cells
forming crypts that trap bacteria
104
spleen is _ shaped and size of
oval, size of fist
105
the _ contains white and red pulp
spleen
106
the white pulp contains masses of lymphocytes surrounding the _
splenic artery
107
the _ pulp contains blood filled sinusoids, with lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and monocytes
red
108
3 functions of spleen
1. reticuloendothelial tissue: phagocytosis of RBC and debri, and produce RBC
2. Venous sinusoids: expels blood to meet circulatory demands
3. white pulp: provides lymphocytes and a source of plasma cells =antibodies for defense
109
the nerves to the spleen accompany the __ artery and are derived from the _
splenic
| celiac plexus
110
the thymus and the spleen only have ___ lymphatic vessels
efferent.
NO AFFERENT
111
does the spleen develop from the primitive gut
no
112
the lungs, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, stomach, esophagus, and intestines develop from the
primitive gut
113
even though the spleen was not formed from the primitive gut it shares its blood supply of the foregut which is supplied by the
celiac trunk
114
the spleen develops from _ cells of the mesentery attached to the primitive stomach
mesenchymal
115
__ = common, acute, usually self-limiting disease caused by the EBV, characterized by fever, membranous pharyngitis, lymph node and splenic enlargement
infectious mononucleosis
116
Asplenia
absence of normal spleen function. associated with serious infection risks especially encapsulated bacteria such as strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, and Neisseria meningitidis
117
```
which tonsil(s) are covered by non keratinized stratified squamous epithelia:
lingual
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual and palatine
```
lingual and palatine
118
tonsils are considered part of primary or secondary immune system
secondary
119
tonsils secrete mostly which antibody
IgA
120
the _ tonsils are on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal (adenoids)
121
adenoids are surrounded by what kind of CT
partly ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
122
do the adenoids contain crypts
no
123
the _ tonsils are located on the posterolateral walls of the throat, one on each side
palatine
124
the adenoids at their peak development in
childhood
125
the __ tonsils reach their maximum size during childhood but after puberty diminish considerably in size
palatine
126
these tonsils are enlarged when you have a sore throat
palatine tonsils
127
do the palatine tonsils have crypts
yes many
128
the palatine tonsils have many crypts but no
sinuses
129
1. __tonsils are surrounded by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
2. _ are surrounded by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia
1. adenoids
| 2. lingual and palatine
130
the best way to distinguish bw palatine tonsils and the pharyngeal tonsil is
histologically to see what epithelia it has
131
the lingual tonsils are smaller and more numerous. do they have crypts
yes each one has a single crypt
132
the only tonsils with no crytps
adenoids
133
the only tonsils with no sinuses
palatine
134
peyer's patches are similar in structure and function to the tonsils but they are located in the
small intestines - specifically the ILEUM
135
Peyer's patches function to
destroy bacteria
136
Peyer's patches and tonsils are considered encapsulated/non encapsulated and subepithelial lymph tissues
non encapsulated
137
dorsum means
back part
138
the anterior part of the tongue or posterior is bigger
anterior is 2/3
| posterior is 1/3
139
the anterior and posterior part of the tongue is separated by
foramen cecum and the terminal sulcus
