NBDE ANATOMICAL SCIENCE: Heart Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
which artery accompanies the great cardiac vein?
circumflex artery/anterior interventricular artery/posterior interventricular artery/right marginal artery
A
anterior interventricular artery
2
Q
from the back view of the heart, the most obvious structure lying in the coronary sulcus is the
A
coronary sinus
3
Q
the coronary sinus receives most of the venous blood from the heart and empties into the
A
right atrium
4
Q
on the left atrium there is a vein that is remnant of the embryonic left superior vena cava called the
A
oblique vein
5
Q
the _ vein opens into the left side of the coronary sinus
A
great cardiac vein
6
Q
the great cardiac vein receives tributaries from the _atrium and _ ventricles
A
left atrium and both ventricles via left marginal vein
7
Q
the _ vein opens into the right side of the cardiac sinus
A
small cardiac vein
8
Q
small cardiac vein receives blood from the
A
back of the right atrium and ventricle. the right marginal vein ascends along the right margin of the heart and joins the small cardiac vein in the coronary sinus or opens directly into the right atrium
9
Q
the _ vein ends in the coronary sinus near its right extremity
A
middle cardiac
10
Q
the _ vein ends in the coronary sinus near the left and is continuous above the left vena cava
A
oblique vein
11
Q
which 2 veins do not end in the coronary sinus
A
anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins (thebesian veins)
12
Q
the _ veins = 3 or 4 vessels that collect blood from the front of the R ventricle and open into the right atrium
A
anterior cardiac veins
13
Q
__veins = minute veins which are in muscular wall of the heart. majority open into the atria and some end in the ventricles
A
smallest cardiac veins
14
Q
the anterior interventricular branch is a branch of the _ coronary artery and accompanies the _ vein
A
left, great cardiac vein
15
Q
the posterior interventricular branch is a branch of the _ coronary artery and accompanies the _ vein
A
right
middle cardiac
16
Q
mnemonic for heart AV valves?
A
TRI before you BI”: Tri on right and Bi on left
17
Q
the sinoatrial node is located at the junction of the _ and the _
A
superior vena cava and right auricle (The right auricle of the heart - also called the right atrial appendage (RAA) - is attached to the heart’s right atrium)
18
Q
the most rapidly depolarizing cardiac muscle tissue is the
A
SA NODE
19
Q
the AV node is specialized tissue bw the
A
atria and ventricles
20
Q
the conducting system of the heart is all
a. modified cardiac muscle fibers
b. nerves
A
all modified cardiac muscle fibers not nerves
21
Q
the sympathetic fibers of the heart arise from segments _ of the spinal cord
A
T2-T4
22
Q
effect of sympathetic nerves at SA node is
A
increase in HR
23
Q
effect of sympathetic nerves on the heart muscle is
A
increased pressure within the ventricle = increase SV
24
Q
the _ nerve provides PNS control of the heart
A
vagus
25
the vagus nerve effects
decreases HR at SA node and decreases excitability of tissue around AV node = slower transmission
26
strong vagal stimulation at the AV node may produce
AV block
27
the SA node depolarizes spontaneously at a rate of _ times per minute
60-100 = causes atria to contract
28
the AV node depolarizes at a rate of _ beats per minute
40-60
29
in sinus rhythm, every P wave is followed by a
QRS complex
30
sinus rhythm is the __beating of the heart
normal
31
a fast sinus rhythm is faster than _ beats per mina and is called
100 bpm = sinus tachycardia
32
a slow sinus rhythm is slower than _ bpm and is known as
60bpm
| sinus bradycardia
33
which wave represents atrial depolarization on ECG
P
34
which wave represents ventricular depolarization on ECG
QRS
35
which wave represents ventricular repolarization on ECG
T
36
which part of ECG represents ejection of blood
QT
37
which part of ECG represents the impulse bw the SA and AV node (AV CONDUCTION)
PR
38
the apex of the heart is located at the level of the ___ left intercostal space
fifth
39
the apex of the heart is formed by the tip of the
left ventricle
40
the heart apex points to right or left of body
left = also why the left lung has the cardiac notch
41
the ventricles are _ and _ than the atria:
| smaller/larger/thinner/thicker
larger and thicker
42
resistance to pulmonary blood flow in the lungs causes a strain on the _ and results in
right ventricle
| right ventricular hypertrophy
43
ductus arteriosus shunts blood from
pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetus
44
ligamentum arteriosum
remnant of ductus arteriosus. it connects the arch of the aorta to the left pulmonary arter
45
patent ductus arteriosus
when the ductus arteriosus does not close after birth (usually closes w/in 24 hours from exposure to high oxygen)
46
the fossa ovalis is a depression in the _ atrium of the heart
right
47
1. upon birth the foramen ovale is initially closed by the __ as pressure in the atrium exceeds that in the right
2. EVENTUALLY after birth, the foramen ovale becomes permanently closed with fibrous CT and becomes the _ in adults
1. septum primum (valve of foramen ovale)
| 2. fossa ovalis
48
a meat processing worker gets ill has fever, headache, sore throat, feels chest pain and has pink, frothy sputum. he got a viral infection by coxsackie B. this patient has inflammation of which layer of the heart?
pericardium/epicardium/myocardium/endocardium
inflammation of myocardium = myocarditis
49
the __in the heart is homologous with the tunica intima of blood vessels
endocardium
50
the endocardium is made of _ epithelium
simple squamous
51
__in the heart is homologous with the tunica media of blood vessels
myocardium
52
most cardiac muscle cells and bulk of heart mass is which layer
myocardium
53
pericardium has what 3 layers
3 membranes: innermost is visceral pericardium ==> parietal pericardium ==> fibrous pericardium. the two inner are delicate the outer is tough
54
the major sensory nerve to the parietal pericardium is from branches of the
phrenic nerve C3-C5
55
the _ mediastinum is of highest clinical importance
middle
| bc has the pericardium and heart and great arteries, phrenic nerves, and main brochi,
56
the left atrium and left ventricle receive their major arterial supply from what artery
cicumflex branch of L coronary artery
57
the right ventricle gets blood from
marginal branch of right coronary artery
58
which artery supplies both ventricles
posterior interventricular artery
59
posterior interventricular artery anastomoses with the _ artery of the left coronary artery
circumflex
60
coronary arteries receive the majority of their blood flow during ventricular relaxation or contraction?
relaxation (diastole) when the ventricles are filling
61
the _ artery is the one most often involved in coronary occlusions and is often the one that is bypassed in bypass cardiac surgery
anterior interventricular artery (from L coronary artery)
62
the RCA anastomoses with the circumflex branch of the LCA after the RCA has given rise to the
posterior interventricular artery
| IV
63
which of the following does not empty directly into the right atrium?
azygous vein/IVC/SVC/coronary sinus
azygous vein
64
atroventricular groove is
aka coronary sulcus
65
the _ lies in the coronary sulcus (atroventricular groove)
coronary sinus
66
which is larger the SVC or the IVC
inferior
67
3 vessels that bring blood directly into right atrium
coronary sinus, IVC, SVC = all deO2 blood
68
a pt with heart valve problem comes into ur office for perio therapy. she says her old perio dr always gave her antibiotics before treatment. u place a stethoscope in the left figth intercostal space medial to the nipple line. which heart valve is best heard over the apex of the heart?
Aortic/pulmonary/mitral/tricuspid
mitral
69
the 4 valves of heart function
prevent backflow, allow one way flow
70
first heart sound (S1) is produced by closure of
AV valves (mitral and tricuspid)
71
second heart sound (S2) produced by closure of
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)
72
third heart sound (S3) produced by
rapid ventricular filling
73
4th heart sound (S4) is produced by
atrial contraction
74
syncope
fainting or passing out,
is defined as a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery, due to global cerebral hypoperfusion (low blood flow to the brain) that most often results from hypotension (low blood pressure).
75
Acute bacterial endocarditis - staph/strep
staph aureus = Acute (think more virulent = must be staph not strep viridans)
76
Subacute bacterial endocarditis = strep/staph
strep
77
papillary muscles are only found in the _ of the heart
ventricles (NOT ATRIA)
78
are there chordae tendinae associated with the Semilunar valves
no bc no papillary muscles in atria
79
Major Jones Criteria for Diagnosing Rheumatic Fever:
1. migratory polyarthritis
2. carditis
3. subcutaneous nodule
4. Sydenham chorea
5. erythema marginatum
1. temporary migrating inflammation of the large joints
2. inflammation of myocarditis
3. containin Aschoff bodies
4. involuntary rapid movements of extremities
5. long standing reddish rash distributes in "bathing suit" pattern
80
papillary muscles are cone-shaped muscles that terminate in _
tendinous cords called chordae tendinae
81
do papillary muscles help close the valve
NO! they prevent eversion back into atrium.
82
mitral valve prolapse =
dysfunction of the papillary muscles = predisposes patient to infective endocarditis
83
pectinate muscles are
ridges in the right atrial myocardium and in both auricles
84
cista terminalis
vertical muscular ridge running along the right atrial wall from opening of SVC to the IVC. Provides the origin for the pectinate muscles
85
crista terminalis represents the junction bw the_ in the developing embryo
sinus vinosus
86
the crista terminalis is represented on the external surface of the heart by a vertical groove called the
sulcus terminalis
87
the SA node is in the right atrium at the junction of the _ near the opening of the SVC
crista terminalis
88
the diaphragmatic surface of the heart is formed by
both ventricles (think diaphragm is in lower bottom so ventricles are too)
89
the adult heart is hollow t/f
true
90
about _ of the hearts mass is located to the left/right of the midline
2/3 to the left (remember tip is to the left too)
91
the __ and its ___ make up the middle mediastinum
heart and its pericardium
92
the pericardium is a tough, _ single/double walled fibrous membranous sac that surrounds the heart
double walled
93
outer wall of heart is called _ and inner is _
outer is parietal inner is visceral (epicaridum)
94
the parietal and visceral pericardia are continuous/discontinuous
continuous at the places where the major BVs enter and leave the heart
95
in bw the 2 walls of the heart is the _ cavity
pericardial cavity = serous fluid
96
1. the _ surface of the heart is known as the _ surface
| 2. the _ of the heart is know as the diaphragmatic surface
1. sternocostal surface = think towards the sternum is anterior
2. 2 ventricles (lower chambers)
97
the anterior surface (sternocostal surface) shows parts of which chambers of the heart.
all 4 show
98
which ventricle is larger the left or the right and why
the right ventricle is larger because it has less muscle than the left side (so the space is smaller)
99
Because of its shape, the heart has three surfaces: anterior, inferior and posterior. Often the surfaces are referred to as:
1. sternocostal (__),
2. diaphragmatic (__) and
3. base (__).
4. The __ of the heart is directed downward, forward and to the left.
1.anterior
2, inferior
3. posterior
4.apex
100
1. Anterior (Sternocostal) surface: It is formed mainly by the _ and _.
2. They are separated from each other by the ___ groove. The right border of the anterior surface is formed by the right atrium while the left border is formed by left atrium and part of left auricle.
1. right atrium and right ventricle
| 2. vertical atrioventricular
101
1. Inferior (Diaphragmatic) surface: It is formed mainly by the right and left ventricles separated by the ___groove. The inferior surface of the right atrium into which the inferior vena cava opens, also forms part of this surface.
posterior interventricular
102
The base of the heart (posterior surface): It is formed mainly by the ___, into which the four pulmonary veins drain. It lies opposite to the apex.
left atrium
Often, the beginners think of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart as its base because of the fact that the heart rests on it, however, it should be kept in mind that the heart does not rest on its base. It rests on the diaphragmatic surface which is not the base. The posterior surface is called the base because it lies opposite to the apex of the pyramidal shaped heart.
103
1. Apex of the heart is formed by the __ and is directed downward, forward and the left.
2. It lies at the level of the__intercostals space, about 3.5 inches from the midline. The apex beat can be palpated in the region of apex of the heart.
1. left ventricle
| 2. fifth
104
the R atrium consists of two regions: the main concavity and a small outpouching called _
auricle
105
At the region of junction between the R atrium's main concavity and auricle, on the __ side, there is a vertical groove called sulcus terminalis, which on the __ side forms a ridge known as crista terminalis.
outer
inner
106
The pressure inside the __ ventricle is about six times higher than that inside the __ ventricle
left
| right
107
the right and left atrium are separated by a _thin/thick septum
thin
108
the left ventricle and right ventricle are separated by a thick/thin septum
thick
109
which part of the heart rests on the fibrous part of the diaphragm
diaphragmatic (ventricles)
110
the _ makes up the base of the heart
left atrium
111
when the body is in supine position (lying on back) the heart rests on its
base
