NBDE: ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: Cell Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Kartagener syndrome is a hereditary syndrome characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Dysfunction of which organelle is responsible for this syndrome:
a. centriole
b. flagellum
c. vacuole
d. cilium
A
a. cilium
2
Q
In the human body flagella is only found in
A
spermatozoa (a motile sperm cell)
3
Q
flagella have a similar structure to cilia but are much
A
longer
4
Q
the cilium is a short/long hair like projection from the cell membrane
A
short
5
Q
flagella action
A
produce movement
6
Q
the coordinating beating of MANY CILIA produce
A
movement
7
Q
flagella, cilia, and centrioles all have _ sets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder
A
9
8
Q
unlike centrioles, cilia and flagella’s sets of microtubules
A
are doublet (rather than triplet) of microtubules and two singlets are present in the center of the cylinder. (9+2) arrangement.
9
Q
at the base of the cylinders of cilia and flagella within the main portion of the cell is a
A
basal body = project into cytoplasm for anchorage
10
Q
prokaryotic flagella are much __ than eukaryotic flagella
A
thinner
11
Q
do prokaryotic flagella have the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules as well?
A
no
12
Q
__ move with a snake like motion
Flagella/cilia
A
flagella
13
Q
__ beat in coordinated waves
Flagella/cilia
A
cilia = coordinated waves
flagella =snake, cilia = waves
14
Q
both cilia and flagella move by contraction of
A
tubular proteins in them
15
Q
Kartagener syndrome aka
A
immotile cilia syndrome
16
Q
the inactive X chromosome in a female cell is called the __ which is an example of
A
barr body
heterochromatin
17
Q
in females the genetic activity of both X chromosomes is essential only during the _ of conception
A
first few weeks
18
Q
after the few first weeks of development in females, just one functional X chromosome is required. the other x chromosome is inactivated and appears as a
A
dense chromatin mass called Barr Body
19
Q
the barr body is attached to the
A
nuclear membrane in the cells of a normal female
20
Q
in the cells of a normal male who only has one functional X chromosome, are Barr body present?
A
no
21
Q
sex determination tests look for the presence of
A
Barr body’s
22
Q
Amniocentesis
A
amniotic fluid test used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections and also used for sex determination in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amnion or amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities.
23
Q
the sex of an embryo can be determined at about the _week
A
8th weeks (1st trimester)
24
Q
females have _# chromosomes and _ Barr body
A
45 and 1 Barr body
25
Barr body is also found in the cells of males with _ syndrome
Kleinfelter (XXY)
26
_ is an excellent example of Heterochromatin
Barr body
27
Heterochromatin
highly condensed and transcriptionally INACTIVE form of DNA
28
Euchromatin
extended and transcriptionally ACTIVE form of DNA
29
in which cellular component are glycoproteins assembled for extracellular use
golgi/ER/nucleus/nucleolus
golgi
30
Golgi functions (2)
1. modification of lipids and proteins
| 2. storage and packaging of materials that will be exported from the cell
31
the shipping department of the cell is the
GOLGI
32
pinched off vesicles from Golgi released outside of cells or some become
lysosomes
33
1. N-linked glycosylations are the most commonly assembled in the
2. O-linked glycosylations are the most commonly assembled in the
1. ER (think eNdoplasmic)
| 2. Golgi (think gOlgi)
34
Golgi is similar to the ER. Golgi is composed of flat, membranous sacs called
cisternae = arranged in stacks like pancakes.
35
the cisternae sacs in golig have 2 poles: a convex _ face which receives materials and a concave _ face oriented toward the cell membrane for transport.
convex cis
| concave trans
36
___ fillaments aggregate in the cisternae of Golgi.
procollagen
37
procollagen is formed in the
lumen of ER by binding sugars
38
procollagen will move from ER and bind to the _face of Golgi
cis (convex)
39
__are cytoplasmic membrane bound vesicles containing glycoprotein hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
40
the lumen of the __ is continuous with the perinuclear space and with the lumen of the smooth ER
RER
nucleus = outer nucleus is the perinuclear space = connects to RER = connects to SER
41
The nuclear membrane consists of __lipid bilayers—the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the __ space, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum
two
| perinuclear
42
the vesicles derived from the RER are coated with a specific protein called _ which targets them to fuse with the Golgi
COPII
43
axoneme
the core scaffold of the eukaryotic cilia and flagella.
44
characteristic feature of axoneme is its
9+2 arrangement of microtubules = 9 pairs of doublet microtubules form a ring around a central pair of single microtubules.
45
ciliary _ arms, the motor complexes that allow the axoneme to bend are anchored to the microtubules
dynein
46
the only organelles with DOUBLE MEMBRANES are
mitochondria and nucleus
47
_ has its own CYCLIC DNA
mitochondria
48
mitochondrial dna is transmitted form _ to fetus
mother
49
name the nonmembranous organelles of the cell
ribosomes, cytoskeleton, nucleolus
50
nucleolus plays an essential role in the formation of
ribosomes
51
all are specialized types of macrophages except one:
| kupffer cells/microglial cells/osteoclasts/Langerhans cells/plasma cells
plasma cells
52
Schwann cells form __ around axons in _
myelin, PNS
53
__ cells produce testosterone
Leydig
54
_ cells produce testicular fluid
Sertoli
55
Osteoblasts forms bone matrix and gives rise to
osteocytes
56
odontoblasts forms
dentin
57
ameloblasts forms
enamel
58
fibroblast produce _ and _
collagen and reticular fibers
59
_ lymphocytes primary function is cell mediated immunity
T
60
_ lymphocytes primary function is humoral immunity, differentiate into plasma cells
B
61
Langerhans cells are
antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the skin
62
microglial cells
specialized macrophages in the CNS
63
Kupffer cells
specialized macrophages in the liver
64
Osteoclasts
specialized macrophages in the bone, bone resorption
65
this cell lines the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and secretes hormones, androgen binding proteins, and other proteins that facilitate spermatogenesis
sertoli
66
the majority of cells in seminiferous tubule are
sertoli
67
where is the primary location of sustentacular cells
internal ear = organ of Corti,
taste buds
olfactory epithelium
68
where is the primary location of pyramidal cells
cerebral cortex (cerebrum)
69
where is the primary location of endothelial cells
lining of blood and lymph vessels, endocardium (inner layer)
70
where is the primary location of ependymal cells
lining the brain ventricles and spinal cord
71
where is the primary location of sertoli cells
seminiferous tubules of the testes
72
where is the primary location of ganglionic cells
in a ganglion peripheral to cns
73
where is the primary location of globular cell
transitional epithelium (kidney, water, bladder)
74
where is the primary location of prickle cells
stratum spinosum of epidermis
75
where is the primary location of fibroblast
most common cell of CT
76
where is the primary location of chromaffin cells
adrenal medulla and paravertebral ganglia of SNS
77
where is the primary location of Purkinje cells
```
Cerebellar cortex (cerebellum)
GABAergic neurons = don't mix up with Purkinje fibers in the heart!
```
78
where is the primary location of Goblet cells
mucous membranes or respiratory in intestinal tracts
79
where is the primary location of interstitial cells
CT of ovary and testis
80
where is the primary location of juxtaglomerular cells
renal corpuscle of kidneys
81
where is the primary location of mesenchymal cells
bw ectoderm and endoderm of embryos
82
protein synthesis occurs in all except which one:
| G1 phase, G2 phase, S phase, M phase
M phase
83
interphase consists of
G1 phase, G2 phase, S phase
84
cell cycle consist of
interphase and mitosis
85
most of cell cycle is spent in interphase or mitosis
interphase
86
mitosis results in 2 _ cells (diploid/haploid)
diploid
87
karyokinesis is aka
mitosis
88
in mitosis both _ and _ stop
growth and protein synthesis
89
if a cell has a cell wall, is the plasma membrane inside or outside of the cell wall?
inside:
cytoplasm ==> plasma membrane ==> cell wall
90
mitochondria contain linear/cyclic DNA
cyclic
91
__ proteins can be removed with detergents and can change in pH environments
(peripheral or integral)
peripheral
92
integral proteins cannot be purified w/o
disruption of the cell membrane structure
93
what type of cell in dental papilla adjacent to the inner enamel epithelium differentiates into odontoblasts
mesenchymal cell aka mesoblastic cell
94
mesenchymal cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into diverse cell types like
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, odontoblasts and osteoblasts
95
the _ cells in the dental papilla differentiate into odontoblasts which produce predentin that calcifies to become dentin
mesenchymal cells
96
mesectoderm aka ectomesenchyme is part of the mesenchyme derived from
ectoderm - especially from the neural crest in embryo.
97
neural crest cells give rise to __ganglia
spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) and ganglia of ANS.
98
__ cells also give rise to neurolemma cells (scwann cells), cells of the meninges and melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla.
neural crest
99
are mast cells normally found in circulation
no
100
name 2 cells that release heparin, histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin into blood
mast and basophils
101
chromatin = DNA wound around a base of proteins called
histones
102
_# histone proteins make up a nucleosome core
4
103
chromatin occurs in 2 forms: euchromatin ____ and heterochromatin ___ (difference?)
euchromatin =extened
| heterochromatin = condensed (ex Barr body)
104
when a cell prepares to divide, does the chromatin coil into chromosomes or uncoil?
coils
105
chromosomes appear in pair except in
gametes (sex/germ cells)
106
normal human cells contain_ pairs of chromosomes
23 pairs = diploid number of 46
107
haploid number of chrom are found in
gametes
108
out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are called
homologous chromosomes aka autosomes
109
the 23rd pair are _ chromosomes
sex (x and Y)
110
XX =
female
111
XY =
male
112
histones are +/- charged?
positive bc need to interact with - charged DNA
113
are plasma cells commonly found in peripheral blood
rarely
114
__ cells are further differentiated B cells
plasma
115
plasma cells histologically unique bc have
basophil cytoplasm and eccentric nucleus, pale zone in cytoplasm and extensive golgi
116
Plasma cells are mainly found in
bone marrow and CT
117
70-80% of circulating lymphocytes are
T cells
118
upon interacting w a specific antigen T lymphocytes become sensitized and differentiate into several daughter type cells = memory, killer and helper T cells. Memory T cells are active/inactive
inactive until future exposure to the same antigen
119
B cells complete maturation in
the Bone marrow (think B = bone marrow)
120
B lymphocytes are 30% of circulating lymphocytes. when they are sensitized to antigen they make
plasma cells and memory b cells
121
1. the liver's functional unit
| 2. the kidney's functional unit
1. lobule
| 2. nephron
122
what organelle in hepatocytes produce bile salts and detoxifies poisons
smooth Er
123
what organelle in hepatocytes produce membranes and secretory proteins
RER
124
glycosomes in liver do what
store sugar
125
site of synthesis of rRNA
nucleolus = not bound by membrane
126
the nucleolus is found where
inside the nucleus
127
the smooth/rough ER in muscle is known as sarcoplasmic reticulum
smooth
128
steroid synthesis is cell occurs in the
SER
129
detox in cell occurs in
SER
130
the nucleus of the cell is surrounded by how many membranes
2 (mitochondria and nucleus have 2)
131
active cells that synthesize large amounts of protein are characterized by an abundance of
RER
132
NBDE FAVORITE QUESTION: the cytoplasm of osteoblasts appears to basophilic via H&E stain due to the presence of?
large amounts or RER
133
Feulgen reaction
distinguishes RNA from DNA
134
any substance that is stained by the basic dye by appearing blue or purple is considered to be
basophilic
| ex nucleus and RER bc of their high content of DNA and RNA
135
any dye that is stained by acidic dye by appearing red or pink is considered __
acidophilic
| ex. mitochondria and lysosomes
136
1. mitochondria stains _
2. lysosomes stain _
3. nucleus stain _
4. RER stains _
1. mito = acidic dye red/pink bc acidic
2. lysosome = acidic dye red/pink bc acidic
3. nucleus = basophilic (blue/purple) = bc DNA
4. RER stains basophilic (blue/purple) = bc RNA
137
gram positive bacteria stain
purple = Positive = Purple
138
gram negative bacteria stain
red
139
in which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breakdown, and the mitotic spindle apparatus forms at opposite poles of cell
prophase
140
in _ phase of mitosis the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate and held in place by microtubules attached to the mitotic spindle and to part of centromere
metaphase
141
in _ stage the centromeres divide, sister chromatids separate and move to opp poles
anaphase
142
in _ phase daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and microtubules disappear. the condense chromatin expands, and the nuclear envelope reappears. the cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) and the cell membrane pinches inward
telophase
143
the mitotic spindle is made up of
microtubules
144
meiosis requires _ divisions to complete the process
2
145
mitosis requires division to complete the process
1
146
mitosis occurs in all _ cells
somatic cells (non sex)
147
meiosis occurs only in
sex cells (germ cells)
148
crossing over bw chromosomes occurs only in
meiosis
149
meiosis and mitosis have the same
names of phases: PMAT
150
in the 1st meiotic division the number of cells are _, chromosomes are _
number of cells double, number of chromosomes do not
151
in 2nd meiotic division is like mitosis bc
the number of chromosomes do not get reduced
152
1. Cisterna are present in
| 2. cristae is present in
1. Golgi (pancakes)
| 2. mitochondria inner membrane
153
cristae increase the
surface area inner mito membrane
154
kidneys and cardiac cells have high or low mitoch
high = lots of energy needed
155
mature RBC have no mitochondria so all energy must come from
anaerobic glycolysis
156
striated duct cells of salivary glands have striated appearance due to
lots of mitochondria arranged in rows giving striated appearance. need energy to pump ions
157
myoepithelial cells are non secretory cells that are found in
sweat glands and mammary glands.
158
function of myoepithelial cells are to
contract.
159
myoepithelial cells are located bw _ and _
bw secretory cells and their basement membranes
160
myoepithelial cells are derived from what germ layer
ectoderm
