Hormones Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
somatotrophic hormone/somatotropin is aka
A
Growth hormone
2
Q
GH is synthesized and secreted by cells called
A
somatotropes in anterior pituitary
3
Q
GH stimulates body growth, secretion of _
A
IGF-1 and lipolysis
4
Q
GH inhibits the action of
A
insulin on carb and lipid metabolism
5
Q
major target of GH is
A
liver
6
Q
GH causes liver to form small proteins called
A
somatomedins = increase bone growth
7
Q
somatomedins are called
A
insulin like growth factors (IGFs) bc have similar effects as insulin
8
Q
the most important somatomedin is
A
somatomedin C aka IGF-1.
9
Q
IGF-1 concentration in plasma closely parallels
A
GH secretion
10
Q
GH metabolic effects
A
increase rate of protein synthesis and breakdown of fatty acid from adipose = increase FFA in blood and increase use of FFA for energy
11
Q
GH affect on glucose
A
decrease the rate of glucose utilization in the body
12
Q
GH __ body protein, __ fat stores, __ carbs
A
GH increases body protein, depletes fat stores, and conserves carbs
13
Q
GH _ blood glucose levels
A
raises, by decreasing peripheral tissue utilization = it is protein anabolic and lipolytic
14
Q
Excess GH can lead to
A
gigantism and acromegaly
15
Q
which one occurs after the growth plates have closed: gigantism and acromegaly
A
acromegaly
16
Q
what stimulates GH secretion
A
decrease blood glucose/free fatty acids starvation/fasting/protein deficiency trauma/stress/excitement exercise testosterone estrogen deep sleep stages 2 and 4 GHRH
17
Q
what inhibits GH secretion
A
increased blood glucose/FFA aging obesity GHIH (somatostatin) GH exogenous somatomedins (IGF)
18
Q
Only _ cells express the androgen receptors and the FSH receptors
A
sertoli cells
19
Q
all of the hormones use adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger except one: a ACTH b calcitonin c. glucagon d. somatostatin e. TRH
A
TRH
20
Q
hormones that utilize second messengers are usually
A
water soluble peptide/protein hormones
21
Q
the most important target of cAMP is
A
protein kinase A
22
Q
cAMP is degraded by a group of enzymes known as
A
phosphodiesterases
23
Q
cAMP is synthesized from
A
ATP by adenylate cyclase = a hormone controlled enzyme in plasma membrane
24
Q
best stimuli to increase rate of TSH secretion by anterior pituitary:
exposure to heat
exposure to cold
exposure to stress
A
exposure to cold
25
TSH is aka
thyrotropin
26
TSH is secreted from
thyrotropes of the anterior pituitarty
27
TSH controls the rate of secretion of T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) of the thyroid and these hormones control the rates of most __ chemical reactions in the body
intracellular (inside the cell)
28
stress will __ TSH secretion
inhibit. bc inhibits secretion of TRH
29
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis means an excess of thyroid hormone in the body. Having this condition also means that you have a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH, in your bloodstream, because the pituitary gland senses that you have “enough” thyroid hormone
30
long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) is found in patients with
hyperthyroidism = stimulates thyroid
31
93% of the metabolically active hormones secreted by the thyroid glad is
thyroxine (T4)
32
however almost all of thyroxine is converted to
T3 in tissues so both are important functionally
33
which one is more potent T3 or T4
T3 is 4x as potent but is present in blood at much lower quantities and persists for a much shorter time than does thyroxine
34
hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system is bw the hypothalamus and the _ pituitary
anterior pituitary = blood vessels
35
the posterior pituitary hormones (ADH and Oxytocin) are synthesized in _
neuroendocrine cells located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
36
the synthesized hormones of the posterior pituitary are transported down AXON of a cell and stored in nerved terminal located in the
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
37
ADH is formed in which nuclei of hypothalamus
supraoptic nuclei
38
oxytocin is formed in the _ nuclei of hypothalamus
paraventricular
39
ADH and oxytocin are packaged in granules that are transported down the axon of the cell and stored in _
nerve terminals located in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
40
when ADH is low, a __ amount of urine is excreted and it is dilute/concentrated
large amount dilute urine
41
ADH increase _ permeability in the
water
| distal tubule and collecting ducts
42
oxytocin is secreted by the _ portion of the pituitary
posterior portion = paraventricular
43
oxytocin released in response to suckling and _ of the cervix
dilation
44
oxytocin stimulates the
smooth muscle of uterus and ontraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the sac like alveoli of mammary glands
45
oxytocin release causes a _ feedback mechanism to begin
positive = uterine contractions push the fetus against the cervical opening which causes more oxytocin to be secreted. the rise in oxytocin causes greater uterine contractions and the cycle continues
46
increase in blood free fatty acid would __ insulin secretion (increase/decrease)
increase
47
insulin lowers blood glucose by binding _ receptors on _ muscles
this results in a cascade that translocates __ to the cell membrane
tyrosine kinase
striated muscle (cardiac and heart)
GLUT-4 glucose transporters
48
major stimuli for insulin is increased serum glucose and
some amino acids esp arginine ad lysine
49
insulin promotes utilization of _ for energy and depresses utilization of
carbs
| fats
50
2 major actions of glucagon
glycogenolysis and glucogenesis both in the liver
51
insulin causes _ in the liver
glycogenesis (make glycogen)
52
sympathetic stimulation/parasympathetic would release glucagon
sympathetic
53
increased amino acid levels in the blood plasma would have what affect on insulin and glucagon
both would increase (this is when they do not act oppositely)
54
somatostatin (aka Growth hormone inhibitory hormone) acts locally in islets of Langerhans to _ secretion of Insulin AND glucagon
depress
55
as acid stomach contents pass into the small intestine the low pH triggers secretion of hormone: gastrin/secretin/cholecystokinin/gastric inhibitory peptide
secretin
56
secretin was the first Gi hormone discovered and is secreted by the _ cells in the mucosa of the duodenum in response to ACIDIC gastric juice emptying into duodenum
S cells
57
secretin acts like a firefighter and stimulates pancreas to release
bicarbonate base panc juice to neutralize the acid
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Secretin inhibits/stimulates motility and gastric acids secretion
inhibits
59
secretin affect on gallbladder
release bile
60
secretin 3 functions
Stimulate pancreas to release panc juice high in bicarb, gallbladder to release bile, inhibits motility and acid secretion in stomach
61
cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted by _ cells in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum
I cells
62
CCK released in response to _ entering intestine
fat, fatty acids, and monglycerides
63
CCK __ stomach contractions moderately
inhibits
64
Gastric inhibitory peptide GIP is secreted by mucosa of the upper small intestine in response to
fatty acids and amino acids, to lesser extent a.acids
65
GIP will inhibit
stomach motility
66
Gastrin is regulator of
gastric acid secretion
67
___has an impt trophic or growth promoting influence on gastric mucosa
gastrin
68
gastrin is secreted by _ cells in the _
G cells in the stomach
69
gastrin is released in response to stimuli associated with ingestion of a meal (distention of the stomach), products of protein degradation such as
gastrin releasing peptide which is released by nerves of gastric mucosa during vagal stimulation
70
primary action of gastrin
stimulate acid secretion and growth of gastric mucosa
71
the _ reflex forcefully closes the pyloric sphincter and reduces motility
enterogastric reflex
72
enterogastrones will
inhibit stomach secretion and motility = secretin, CCK, GIP
73
aldosterone is a __ corticoid
mineralcorticoid
74
aldosterone is secreted by cells in the
zona glomerulosa = adrenal cortex
75
major target of aldosterone
distal tubule of kidney
76
aldosterone effects
increase resorption of sodium and water and increased excretion of potassium
77
2 regulators of aldosterone secretion
extracellular potassium ion (K+) and Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone
78
__ effects are opposite to aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
79
Addison's disease is adrenocortical insufficiency. common symptoms are
hypotension, hyperpigmentation, muscle weakness, anorexia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemic acidosis
80
why do we use synthetic estrogens and progestins in oral contraceptives instead of natural hormones
bc natural are destroyed by liver in a short time but synthetic are not
81
ovulation occurs as a result of __ induced LH surge
estrogen
82
unlike other steroid hormones, ALL ESTROGENS HAVE
an aromatic A ring
83
follicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesize thyroglobulin containing _
tyrosine
84
tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin are iodinated. iodinated tyrosine molecules bind to each other forming thyroglobulin bound T3 and T4. when the TSH is present, the T3 and T4 bound to thyroglobulin are transported back into the follicular cells and lysosomes release T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin into circulation. a dietary iodine deficiency will increase the secretion of
thyroglobulin
85
catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid
tyrosine
caTecholamines = see the T
86
adrenaline is
epinephrine
87
noradrenalin is
norepinephrine
88
NE can be released by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. how
acetylcholine released from pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers innervating the adrenal medulla
89
NE can also be released directly onto an organ by
post ganglionic sympathetic adrenergic neuron that stored NE
90
the effect is more widespread when NE is released by adrenal medulla into blood or onto organ by postganglionic sympathetic neuron
adrenal medulla
91
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the
adrenal medulla = releases too much catecholamines (epinephrine and NE) = tachycardia hypertension anxiety sweating
92
adrenal medulla is a specialized ganglion of the _ nervous system
sympathetic
93
pre ganglionic fibers synapse directly on _ cells in adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells
94
chromaffin cells release 80% _ and 20% _into circulation
80% epinephrine
| 20% NE
95
are epinephrine and NE water or lipid soluble
water soluble therefore need a plasma membrane receptor to enter cell
96
Epinephrine/NE constricts blood vessels in almost all areas of body = increase TPR
NE
97
NE/Epinephrine dilates bronchioles
epinephrine
98
NE/Epinephrine activates muscle glycogen phosphorylase
Epinephrine
99
1. Chief cells in parathyroid gland release
| 2. chief cells in stomach release
1. PTH
| 2. HCl
100
hyperparathyroidism causes _ calcium and _ phosphate levels
high calcium
| low phosphate
101
hypoparathyroidism (tetany)
decreased bone resorption decreased renal Ca2+ reabsorption , increased renal phosphate reabsorption and decrease production of active vitamin D
102
hyPOparathyroidism causes _ calcium and _ phosphate levels
decrease calcium
| increased phosphate
103
the 5 C terminal amino acids of _ and _ are identical which explains their overlapping biological effects (GI HORMONES)
gastrin and CCK
104
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by excessive secretion of
gastrin = hypergastrinemia
105
three layers of the adrenal cortex
GFR: zona glomerulosa => zona fasciculata => zona reticularis
106
aldosterone is in which layer of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
107
cortisol is in which layer of adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
108
adrenal androgens are in which layer of adrenal cortex
zona reticularis
109
cortisol promotes __
gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, and immunosuppression
110
cortisol is a
glucocorticoid = influences lipid, carb, and protein catabolism.
111
glucocorticoids promote _ by inducing synthesis of the enzyme _
gluconeogenesis
| PEPCK
112
the mineralcorticoid aldosterone and the glucocorticoids are collectively called
corticosteroids
113
mineralcorticoids have an aldehyde group at C#
C18
114
estrogens are distinguished by the
aromatic nature of ring A
115
corticosteroids are distinguished from the progestins by the presence of additional
OH groups
116
testosterone is a precursor for what two hormones
DHT and estradiol
117
testosterone promotes
protein synthesis
118
thyroxine promotes
glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
119
cushing's syndrome results from
hypercortisolemia
120
adrenocortical insufficiency occurs from
patients who have been taking long term corticosteroids. this impairs the adrenal cortex from producing cortisol
121
progesterone, relaxin, estrogen, hCG and hPL are secreted by the
placenta = essential for pregnancy
122
is oxytocin secreted by the placenta
no
123
Somatostatin was first discovered in hypothalamic extracts and identified as a hormone that inhibited
secretion of GH
124
Subsequently somatostatin was found
in pancreas and GI tract and CNS outside of hypothalamus
125
Somatostatin acts by both endocrine and paracrine pathways to affect its target cells. the majority of circulating form comes from the
pancreas and GI
126
somatostatin inhibits
the secretion of many other hormones
127
which GI hormones does somatostatin inhibit
CCK, secretin, gastrin and vasoactive intestinal peptide
128
vasoactive intestinal peptide helps control
water secretion and absorption from the intestines. causes intestinal cells to secrete eater and salts into the intestine
129
the lacotropes of the anterior pituitary secrete
prolactin
130
primary action of prolactin is related to
breast development and function during pregnancy and lactation
131
the hypothalamus synthesizes PROLACTIN INHIBITORY FACTOR aka
dopamine
132
under normal conditions large amounts of dopamine are transmitted to the anterior pituitary gland so that the normal rate of prolactin secretion is slight. this is why they say prolactin is under
inhibitory control by hypothalamu
133
during pregnancy and lactation the formation of dopamine is suppressed which allows the anterior pituitary to secrete
prolactin
134
androgens are made in adrenal cortex and gonads and primarily affect
maturation and function of secondary sex organs (male sexual determination))
135
estrogens are made in adrenal cortex and gonads and primarily affect
maturation and function of secondary sex organs (female sexual determination))
136
progestins originate from
ovaries and placenta mediate menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy
137
mineralcorticoids originate in
adrenal cortex and affect balance of salt and water
138
glucocorticoids made in the
adrenal cortex = decrease inflammation and increase resistance to stress
139
are steroid hormones stored in tissues
no.
140
steroid hormones act by _ receptors
intracellular
141
name the 3 hormones that control calcium
PTH, calcitonin, calcitriol
142
what is calcitriol? how many hydroxyl groups does it have
Calcitriol also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is the hormonally active form of vitamin D with three hydroxyl groups
143
calcitriol is formed in what part of the kidney
proximal tubule
144
calcitriol synthesis is stimulated by
hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia
145
calcitonin is a peptide hormone secreted by
thyroid C cells aka parafollicular cells.
146
is calcitonin required in adults
no
147
the major regulator of calcium is
PTH
148
calcitonin inhibits
tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate
149
the amount of T4 produced and released by the thyroid gland Is controlled by:
pituitary or hypothalamus
pituitary
150
the thyroid gland is small, weighs less than an ounce and located in the _ of the neck
front
151
the thyroid has 2 halves called
lobes
152
the 2 lobes of the thyroid are connected by the
isthmus
153
the pituitary is the size of a
peanut
154
the function of the thyroid is to
take iodine from food and convert it to thyroid hormones
155
the ONLY cells in our bodies that can absorb iodine are
thyroid cells
156
thyroid cells combine the iodine with
tyrosine
157
thyroid hormones produce catabolic anabolic effects
catabolic
158
thyroid hormones are/are not lipophilic
are
159
ADH aka vasopressin is made in the _ nuclei of the hypothalamus and secreted in vesicles to the posterior pituitary. these vesicles are secreted with a carrier protein called
neurophysin
160
ADH stimulates water reabsorption by stimulating the insertion of _ into the membranes of the kidney tubules
water channels = aquaporins
161
the most important variable regulating antidiuretic hormone secretion is
plasma osmolarity (concentration of solutes in blood)
162
osmolarity is sensed by
hypothalamus osmoreceptors
163
nausea and vomiting would have what affect on ADH
stimulate release
164
ethanol and caffeine _ ADH release
decrease
165
nicotine __ ADH release
increase
166
sweating causes _ in ADH release
increase
167
drinking lots of water causes __ in ADH release
decrease
168
diabetes insipidus is caused by
hyposecretion of ADH
169
three classes of hormones are
proteins and polypeptides, steroids, derivatives of amino acid tyrosine
170
most hormones in the body are
polypeptides and proteins
171
all the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary and pancreas and PTH are what kind of hormones
polypeptide and proteins
172
cortisol aldosterone estrogen and progesterone testosterone are what kind of proteins
steroid
173
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and adrenal medulla hormones epinephrine and NE are what kind of hormones
tyrosine produced
