Chapter 22 (Not the spelling words) Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
drug
A
Any substance that when taken into the body, may modify one or more of its functions
2
Q
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)
A
- 1938
- Regulates quality, purity, potency, effectiveness, safety, labeling, and packaging of food, drug, and cosmetic products
- Enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
3
Q
Controlled Substances Act
A
- Regulates manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances
- Drugs that have the potential of being abused and of causing physical or psychological dependence
- Enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
4
Q
Schedule I drugs
A
- Not considered to be legitimate for medical use in the United States
- Used for research only and cannot be prescribed
- High risk for abuse
- Examples: LSD, heroin, marijuana
5
Q
Schedule II drugs
A
- Accepted medical use but have a high potential for abuse or addiction
- Must be ordered by written prescription
- Cannot be refilled without a new, written prescription
- Examples: morphine, cocaine, codeine, Demerol, Dilaudid
6
Q
Schedule III drugs
A
- Moderate potential for abuse or addiction, low potential for physical dependence
- May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order
- Prescription expires in 6 months – may not be refilled more than 5 times in 6-month period
- Examples: Tylenol with codeine, Butisol, Hycodan
7
Q
Schedule IV drugs
A
- Less potential for abuse or addiction than those of Schedule III, with limited physical dependence
- May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order
- May be refilled up to 5 times in a 6-month period – prescription expires in 6 months
- Examples: Librium, Valium, Darvon, Equanil
8
Q
Schedule V drugs
A
- Have a small potential for abuse or addiction
- May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order
- No limit on prescription refills
- Some of these drugs may not need prescription
- Examples: Robitussin-AC, Donnagel-PG, Lomotil
9
Q
Drug Standards
A
-Rules established to control strength, quality, and purity of medications prepared by various manufacturers
-Require all preparations called by the same drug name to be of a uniform strength, quality, and purity
-United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF)=Contains formulas and information that provide standards for preparation and dispensation of drugs.
Recognized by U.S. government as the official listing of standardized drugs in the United States.
FDCA specifies a drug is official when it is listed in USP/NF
10
Q
Drug References
A
- Available for health professionals responsible for safe administration of medications
- Provide the following information: Composition, action, indications for use, contraindications for use, precautions, side effects, adverse reactions, route of administration, dosage range, and what forms are available
11
Q
Physicians’ Desk Reference
A
-Published yearly by Thomson Reuters
-Manufacturers pay to list information about their products in the PDR
-Same information that appears on package inserts (as required by the FDA)
-Generic name, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, dosage, and route of administration
-Additional references:
Physicians’ Desk Reference for Nonprescription Drugs
Physicians’ Desk Reference for Ophthalmology
Drug Interactions and Side Effects Index
Indications Index
12
Q
Drug Facts and Comparisons
A
- drugs according to their therapeutic classification
- Same basic facts as other drug references
- Particularly helpful in comparing the various drugs within each category to other products
- In reference to effectiveness, content, and cost
13
Q
Drug sources
A
Plants
Minerals
Animals
Synthetic
14
Q
generic name
A
- Name that was established when drug was first manufactured
- Written in lowercase letters
- Official name of a drug
- Each drug has only one generic name
- Original manufacturer is only company that can use generic name for the first 17 years
15
Q
brand name
A
- Name under which the drug is sold by a specific manufacturer
- Spelling always begins with a capital letter
- Also known as the trade name
- Name is owned by the drug company and no other company may use that name
- Each brand name carries a registered trademark symbol ®
16
Q
drug action
A
How drugs produce changes within the body
17
Q
drug effect
A
- Changes that take place in the body as a result of drug action
- Slowing down or speeding up processes
- Destroying certain cells or parts of cells
- Replacing substances that the body lacks or fails to produce
18
Q
desired effect
A
Effect of drug in the body that was intended
19
Q
side effect
A
- Additional effect on the body by the drug that was not part of the goal for that medication
- Not usually severe enough to warrant discontinuing the medication
20
Q
local effect
A
Response to a medication that is confined to a specific part of the body
21
Q
ROA=Oral
A
- Given by mouth and swallowed
- Advantage: Easiest and safest method; Most economical method
- Disadvantage: Slow method of absorption; Possibility of being destroyed by gastric juices
22
Q
ROA=sublingual
A
- Placed under the tongue – dissolves in saliva
- Advantage: More rapid absorption rate than oral; Higher concentration of medication reaches bloodstream
- Disadvantage: Not convenient route of administration for bad-tasting medications or irritating medications
23
Q
ROA=buccal
A
- Placed in mouth next to cheek (tablet form)
- Advantage: More rapid absorption rate than oral; Higher concentration of medication reaches bloodstream
- Disadvantage: Possibility of swallowing the pill
24
Q
ROA=inhalation
A
- Medication is sprayed or inhaled into nose, throat, and lungs
- Advantage: Good absorption due to large surface contact area; Provides rapid treatment
- Disadvantage:Sometimes difficult to regulate dose; Not suitable method for medications that irritate mucous membrane lining
25
ROA=rectal
-Medication is inserted into rectum and slowly absorbed into mucous membrane lining of rectum (suppository)
-Advantage: One method of choice when patient is nauseated or cannot take medications orally
Disadvantage: Absorption is slow and irregular
26
ROA=vaginal
- Medication is inserted into the vagina in the form of a suppository, cream, foam, or tablet
- Advantage: Easiest method for treating the specific area
- Disadvantage: Medications sometimes stain underwear; No other disadvantages
27
ROA=topical
- Medication is applied directly to the skin or mucous membrane for a local effect to area
- Advantage:Easy method, convenient
- Disadvantage: Slow absorption through skin
28
ROA=transdermal
- Method of applying a pre-measured amount of medicine to unbroken skin through an adhesive-backed disk
- Advantage:Good method for administering medications slowly into bloodstream over a period of time
- Disadvantage: Units can be dangerous if they come in contact with skin of children or pets
29
ROA=parenteral
- Administered by injecting medication into body using a needle and syringe
- Must be in liquid form
- Administered by one of following methods: Intradermal, Intramuscular, Intravenous, or Subcutaneous
30
ROA=intradermal
- Small amount of medication is injected just beneath epidermis
- Used for allergy testing, tuberculin skin testing, and some vaccinations
- Needle angle: 10- to 15-degree
31
ROA=intramuscular
- Medication is injected directly into muscle
- Used for administering antibiotics, medications that might be irritating to layers of the skin, and medications that require dosages larger than amount allowed for subcutaneous injections
- Needle angle: 90-degree
32
ROA=intravenous
- Medication is injected directly into the vein, entering the bloodstream immediately
- Used when medication is needed quickly
- Used for infusing medication over a period of time, by adding the medication to a bag of intravenous fluids
- Needle angle: 25-degree
33
ROA-subcutaneous
- Medication is injected into subcutaneous layer, or fatty tissue, of skin
- Used for administering insulin, hormones, and local anesthetics
- Needle angle: 45-degree
34
antidiuretic
-Suppresses the formation of urine
| Example: vasopressin (Pitressin)
35
diuretic
-Increases urine secretion
| Example: furosemide (Lasix)
36
common charting abbreviations guidelines
- Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand
- Serve as a universal language for medical professionals
- Provide specific information and/or orders in an abbreviated format
- Health professional should use standard abbreviations accepted by their place of employment
- When abbreviations have more than one meaning
37
controlled substances
- drugs that have the potential for abuse
| - placed into 5 categories
38
first-dose effect
-an undesired effect of a medication that occurs within 30-90 minutes after administration of the first dose
