Flashcards in UWorld_2.9 Deck (14)
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1
Failure of fusion of urethral folds in female and male==> ?
- @ female = normal ==> vaginal opening
- @ male = abnormal ==> hypospadia
- urtheral folds normally form ventral portion of penis
- failure of fusion ==> urethral opening on ventral surface somewhere between perineum and just proximal to glans penis
- urtheral folds normally form ventral portion of penis
- failure of fusion ==> urethral opening on ventral surface somewhere between perineum and just proximal to glans penis
2
Epispadia presentation
- location of urethral opening on dorsal surface of penile shaft
- due to malpositioning of genital tubercle during 5th week of gestation
3
Characteristics of kinesin and dynein
- microtubule-associated motor proteins fxn of rapid transport of materials/organelles in cells
- @ neurons:
- kinesin = anterograde transport
- dynein = retrograde transport
- dynein also associated w/ciliary and flaggelar movement
- energy for movement derived from ATP
- kinesin = anterograde transport
- dynein = retrograde transport
4
Common proto-oncogenes + gene product + associated cancer
- RAS = GTP-binding protein
- Choliangiocarcinoma
- MYC = transcription factor
- Burkitt's Lymphoma
- ERBB-1 (EGFR) = receptor tyrosine kinase
- Lung adenocarcinoma
- ERBB-2 (HER2) = receptor tyrosine kinase
- Breast Cancer
- ABL = nonreceptor tyrosine kinase
- chronic myelogenous leukemia
- BRAF = RAS signal transduction
- Hairy cell leukemia
- melanoma
- Choliangiocarcinoma
- Burkitt's Lymphoma
- Lung adenocarcinoma
- Breast Cancer
- chronic myelogenous leukemia
- Hairy cell leukemia
- melanoma
5
Common tumor-suppressor genes + gene product + associated cancer
- BRCA-1, BRCA-2 = DNA repair gene
- Breat & Ovarian cancer
- APC/B-catenin = WNT signaling
- colorectal, gastric, pancreatic cancer
- FAP
- TP53 = genomic stability
- most cancers
- Li-Fraumeni
- Rb = inhibits G1/S transition
- Retinoblastoma
- Osteosarcoma
- WT1 = urogenital differentiation
- Wilm's tumor
- VHL = ubiquitin ligase component
- von-hippel lindau
- Breat & Ovarian cancer
- colorectal, gastric, pancreatic cancer
- FAP
- most cancers
- Li-Fraumeni
- Retinoblastoma
- Osteosarcoma
- Wilm's tumor
- von-hippel lindau
6
Blood gas levels during aerobic exercise
- homeostatic mechanisms maintain arterial O2/CO2/pH
- increased O2 consumption @ muscles + increase CO2 production ==> decreased O2 and increased CO2 @ mixed venous blood
7
Location of B cell VDJ recombination + post-activation location
- VDJ recombination ==> formation of antibodies/antigen recognition; occurs during maturation @ bone marrow
- Activated B-cells ==> germinal centers of lymph nodes
- proliferation of B-cells into memory cells and antibody secreting cells
- antibody-secreting cells undergo isotype switching
- proliferation of B-cells into memory cells and antibody secreting cells
- antibody-secreting cells undergo isotype switching
8
Characteristics of horshoe kidney
- horshoe kidney = fusion of kidneys at upper or lower pole (90% at lower pole)
- kidneys normall ascend from sacral area ==>
- in horshoe kidney, fused pole lies anterior to great vessels
- fused poles become trapped by inferior mesenteric artery and cannot ascend to normal position
- can lead to urinary tract obstruction and hydronephrosis
- fused poles become trapped by inferior mesenteric artery and cannot ascend to normal position
9
Causes/location of osteomyletis in childhood
- s. aureus
- long bones
10
Causes/location of osteomyletis in sickle cell disease
- salmonella
- s.aureus
- @ long bones
11
Causes/location of osteomyletis in Pott disease
- mycobacterium tuberculosim
- @ vertebrae
12
Cause/location of osteo in DM
- polymicrobial
- @ bones of foot (from foot ulcers)
13
Causes/location of osteo @ recumbent patient
- polymicrobial
- @ sacrum/heels
14
