Flashcards in 3/25 - UW 24 Deck (43)
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1
In what circumstances is 2,3-BPG production increased?
In hypoxic conditions, e.g. chronic lung disease, heart failure, and high altitudes
2
Reye syndrome hepatolopathy shows what on light microscopy?
Microvesicular steatosis, NOT necrosis or inflammation
3
What is the clinical presentation of Reye syndrome?
Vomiting and hepatomegaly, rarely see jaundice. Elevated ALT, AST, ammonia, bili, PT and PTT
4
What light microscopy findings will you see in viral hepatitis?
Hepatocyte apoptosis, acinar necrosis, periportal mononuclear inflammatory infiltration
5
Mitochondrial defects tend to cause what sequelae?
Lactic acidosis, and defects in tissues with high metabolic rates, e.g. neural and muscular tissue
6
HIV+ mothers should be prophylaxed with what?
Nucleoside analog, Zidovudine (retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
7
When should reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Zidovudine) prophylaxis be started in an HIV+ pregnant woman?
14 wks gestation, continued throughout labor, with IV ZDV during labor, and oral ZDV to the infant for 6 wks.
8
Presence of multinucleated giant cells (Aschoff cells) in myocardium points to what pathology?
Acute rheumatic carditis
9
NFT-1 is a tumor of what cells?
Schwann cells
10
What embryological cell type produces Schwann cells (neoplasms of which are neurofibromas, e.g. NFT-1)?
Neural crest cells
11
What are two common sites of ulnar nerve injury?
Posterior to the medial epicondyle, and between the hook of the hamate and the pisiform bone
12
What enzyme is deficient in Cori disease?
Debranching enzyme
13
How does Cori disease present?
Hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, ketoacidosis, hepatomegaly
14
Of all the mediators of allergic asthma, what are the two that have pharmacologic roles?
Leukotrienes, ACh
15
At what level does hypertriglyceridemia start to cause pancreatic acinar cell injury? How?
>1000 mg/dL
By direct cytotoxicity
16
What are some drugs that can cause acute pancreatitis?
Azathioprine
Sulfasalazine
Furosemide
Valproic acid
17
What are some infections that cause acute pancreatitis?
Mumps
Coxsackie virus
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
18
What are the two most common causes of acute pancreatitis?
Alcohol and stones
19
What signaling pathway does GH use to activate IGF-1 release from the liver?
JAK-STAT
20
What clotting factors are missing in hemophilia A and B?
Hemophilia A: factor VIII
Hemophilia B: factor IX
21
What is urokinase? MOA?
Thrombolytic agent used for MI and PE
MOA: Converts plasminogen to plasmin (which degrades fibrinogen and fibrin)
22
Deficiency in fructokinase causes what benign condition?
Essential fructosuria
23
Which neoplasm is associated with tumors of the "3Ps"?
MEN 1: anterior Pituitary, Parathyroids, Pancreas
24
What vessels does nitroglycerin work on?
Large veins
25
How does nitroglycerin decrease angina?
Dilates large veins, decreasing preload, decreasing inotropy and cardiac oxygen demand
26
anti-CCP ab confirms what dx?
RA
27
What are the "4Cs" of measles?
Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots
28
DiGeorge originates from maldevelopment of what embryologic structures?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
29
What DM medication increases endogenous insulin secretion?
Sulfonylureas (e.g. glyburide),
30
What DM medications increase insulin sensitivity?
Metformin and rosiglitiazone
31
What DM medication decreases intestinal glucose absorption?
Acarbose (alpha glucosidase inhibitors)
32
What is the most common cause of Malignant Otitis Externa (MOE)?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
33
What is the best alternative to aspirin in prevention of thromboembolic disease?
Clopidogrel
34
Canagliflozin MOA?
DM med, SGLT2 inhibitors (Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2), leading to glucosuria
35
What is D-xylose used for?
Monosaccharide, for testing small intestinal brush border absorptive function
36
What is pituitary apoplexy and how is it treated?
Acute hemorrhage into the pituitary gland, often from preexisting pituitary adnenomas. Neurosurg consult and GLUCOCORTICOIDS are the tx
37
What diuretic to give to reduce calciuria?
HCTZ
38
Gottron papules and heliotrope rash with proximal muscle weakess are specific for what pathology?
Dermatomyositis
39
What are Gottron papules?
Red or violaceous, flat topped papules with light colored scale appearing over bony prominences, particularly the MCP, PIP, and DIPs
40
What is a heliotrope rash?
Erythematous or violaceous edematous eruption on the upper eyelids and periorbital skin
41
What autoantibodies are seen with dermatomyositis?
Anti-Jo1 (specific), anti-ANA (non-specific)
42
The ureteric bud gives rise to what renal structures?
Everything from the collecting tubules to the ureters.
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