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Anatomy 227 Exam 1 Flashcards

Diagrams from the text book, with structures of the integumentary system pointed out. (256 cards)

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0
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Cubed, centrally located nuclei

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1
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

Sweat glands
Palms, soles, and forehead
Open at the surface at pore

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2
Q

Dense Elastic

A
  • elastic fibers
  • allows recoil of tissue after stretching
  • walls of large arteries, some ligaments, walls of bronchial tubes
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3
Q

Central canal

A

Contains one or two blood capillaries

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4
Q

periosteum,

A

Tough, outer covering of fibrous tissue that completely encloses the bone except for the articular cartilage on the ends

  • richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels
  • secured to the underlying bone by sharpey’s fibers (perforating collagen fiber bundles, which are thick bundles of collagen
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5
Q

Patellar

A

Knee cap

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6
Q

Hair follicle growth cycle

A

Active growth phase: newly growing hair pushes out old hair, causing it to be shed
This is followed by a resting phase in which the hair matrix is inactive
On scalp, follicles stay active for 4 years

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7
Q

Digital

A

Fingers and toes

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8
Q

PET scan

A

Position emission tomography
Produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes
injected into the body, indicates regions of cellular activity (cancer diagnosis, etc)

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9
Q

Four abdominopelvic quadrants

A 
Right upper quadrant
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower
Intersects at the navel
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10
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • most diverse and abundant
  • structural, connect and hold things together
  • few cells, lots of matrix
  • matrix composed of ground substances and fibers
  • all originate from the embryonic tissue called mesenchyme
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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A

WBC
Produce antibodies (proteins that attack foreign molecules)
2nd most common
Main cell type of immune system

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12
Q

Neurons

A
  • Highly specialized nerve cells tht generate and conduct electrical impulses
  • dendrites are cell processes tht extend from the cell body of a neuron, transmits signals toward the cell body
  • the axon: generates nerve impulses and transmits them away from from the cell body
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13
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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14
Q

Antecubital

A

Opposite of elbow. Area btwn brachial and antebrachial

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15
Q

Dense regular

A
  • primarily parallel collagen fibers
  • attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles, bones to bones.
  • withstands great stress when force is applied in one direction
  • tendons, ligaments
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16
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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17
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Function: secretion and absorption

Tends to line small tubes and ducts in the body

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18
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt

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19
Q

Perineal

A

Btwn anus and external genitalia

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20
Q

Sternal

A

Center of chest (by sternum)

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21
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of chest wall
Three parts
A) two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by pleural cavity
B) a central band of organs called mediastinum (contains the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity)

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22
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

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23
Q

Blood

A
  • cells: red, white blood cells, platelets
  • matrix is plasma, no fibers
  • fluid tissue
  • functions to carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
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24
Vellus
Fine, short | Body hair of women and children
25
Types of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper - cartilage - bone tissue - blood
26
Nerve tissue
Neurons and nerve support cells Function -send impulses to other areas of body, such as irritability
27
Tarsal
Ankle
28
Cervical
Neck
29
MRI
High contrast images of soft tissue, and good for visualizing structures surrounded by bone, especially if it contains a lot of water, -subjects the body to string magnetic fields and radio waves
30
apocrine sweat glands
Sweat glands Axillary, anal, genital Body odor
31
Mental
Chin
32
Abdominal cavity
Contains the liver, stomach, kidneys and other organs
33
Metatarsal
Top of foot
34
Serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum Parietal :forms outer wall Visceral: inner Produce a thin layer of lubricating fluid that decreases friction between moving organs
35
squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum | Appears as a lesion, reddened
36
epiphysis,
Expanded portion on the ends Forms a joint with another bone Covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
37
Scapular
Shoulder blade
38
Arrector pili
This muscle contracts in response to cold and fear, causes the hair to stand on end
39
Proximal Distal
Closer to a point of attachment (elbow proximal to wrist) Farther from a point of attachment (knee is distal from thigh)
40
Occipital
Back of head
41
Short bone
Bones in wrist and ankle, roughly cube shaped
42
Tendons
Attaches muscle to bone
43
stratum spinosum
Below granulosum | Contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments
44
recticular layer
Dense irregular
45
First degree burns
Only epidermis | Includes redness swelling and pain
46
Squamous cells
Flat, six sided
47
Connective tissue proper
``` -Divided into loose connective( areolar, adipose, reticular) Dense connective (regular, irregular, elastic) -cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells -contains all three fiber types in matrix: collagen, reticular, elastic -binding tissue -resists mechanical stress, particularly tension ```
48
Plasma
Nonliving fluid matrix Contains both water (about 90%) and dissolved substances, such as nutrients, salts, gasses, hormones, proteins, and wastes Makes up 55% of total blood volume Plasma proteins (mostly made by the liver), which help perform diff blood homeostasis functions
49
Three types of fibers found in connective tissue
-elastic fiber, reticular, collagen
50
Acromial
Upper shoulder area
51
A bone's shape helps its
Function. Bony projections called a process provide sites where ligaments and tendons attach Grooves and opening allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through A depression of one bone may articulate with the process of another
52
Otic
Ear
53
Skeletal muscle
- striations - voluntary movement - locomotion - attaches to bones or occasionally skin
54
Serous cavities
-pleural cavity -pericardial cavity -peritoneal cavity Each of these is lined by a serous membrane
55
Elastic
Can stretch, made out of elastin
56
Pacinian corpuscle
Lamellar corpuscle | Deep pressure receptors
57
stratum basale
attached to underlying dermis
58
Smooth muscle
- no striations - propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways - involuntary - walls of hollow organs
59
Cartilage
- divided into hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage - cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes - fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some - resists compression bcuz of large amounts of water held in the matrix - functions to cushion and support body structure - btwn bones, avascular, nutrition and wastes travel through diffusion - takes a long time to heal a tear or break
60
Mammary
Chest/ pectoral area
61
Dense irregular
- irregularly arranged collagen fibers - withstand tension, provide structural strength - fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of skin
62
Antebrachial
Forearm
63
Diaphysis,
Long portion in the middle shaft, long axis of long bone (hollow) Surrounds a central marrow cavity
64
Glands
- epithelial cells tht make and secrete a product form glands - endocrine: internal secretion - exocrine: external secretion
65
Adult skeleton has approx
206 bones
66
Exocrine glands
- secrete products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities - multicellular glands have ducts tht carry their products to the epithelial surfaces
67
articular cartilage,
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the part of the epiphysis that articulates with another bone
68
yellow marrow,
Fat
69
Pubic
Genital
70
Lunule
White crescent on nail
71
Coxal
Hip
72
Ligaments
Attach bones to other bones
73
kerantinocytes
make keratin- protective
74
Transitional epithelium
Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal Function: stretches and contracts Bladder, uterus
75
Areolar
- under skin, allows it to move on the surface of something under it - wraps and cushions organs - all three fiber types
76
Lumbar
Lower back
77
Palmar
Palm
78
stratum granulosum
Below corneum flattened cells Contain Keratohyaline granules
79
Intercalated discs
Cardiac cells branch and join at special cellular junctions
80
Cephalic
Head
81
Langerhans' cells
Dendritic cells
82
Pedal
Foot
83
Reticular fiber
Very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network Part of basement membrane
84
Endocrine glands
- lack ducts - secrete directly into the tissue fluid tht surrounds them - produce hormones - which then travel through the bloodstream to specific target organs
85
Simple squamous
Function: diffusion - bcuz thin and often permeable - air sacs of lungs, lining of heart etc
86
Thoracic
Chest
87
Inguinal
Groin
88
Adipose
-insulator, fill up space, reserve food fuel -Very little extracellular matrix Large and closely packed together, full of lipid
89
basal cell carcinoma
most common type Dome shaped, develop into ulcers Grow slowly. Hardly metasize Cells of stratum basale invade dermis and hypodermis
90
Stratified columnar
Function: protection and secretion | -rare in human body
91
Nervous tissue
- transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) that control the activity of the effector organs - cells are neurons - Brain, spinal chord, and nerves
92
Frontal plane
Front and back
93
Spongy bone
Spongy network of bone filled with small marrow filled spaces Trabeculae align along stress lines in an organized pattern Internal layer No stress occurs in center so does not impair strength of bone
94
Femoral
Thigh
95
Eosinophils
Granular WBC | Fight parasitic infection, reduce allergic attack
96
Bone
- hard calcified matrix containing collagen fibers - supports and protects, levers for muscles to act on, stores calcium and other minerals and fat - bones
97
Manus
Hand
98
functions of integumentary system
``` Protection Body temp regulation Excretion Production of vitamin d Sensory reception ```
99
Bone tissue
- divided into compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous) - cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes - collagen fibers, matrix is calcified with inorganic salts - hard tissue that resists both compression and tension - functions in support
100
CAT Scan
Computed axial tomography Mapping of the body Picture of transverse sections taken along the body axis
101
Merkel cells
Tactile epithelial cells | sensory reception for touch in conjunction with sensory neuron
102
Neutrophils
WBC Most abundant, fight acute or short term infection Destroy bacteria
103
Dorsal
Back
104
Abdominopelvic cavity
Surrounded by the abdominal walls and pelvic girdle Divided into pelvic cavity and peritoneal Many organs in this cavity surrounded by a peritoneal cavity
105
Second degree burns
Epidermis and upper part of dermis | Blisters
106
Dorsal Ventral
Toward the back Toward the belly
107
CT
Computed tomography - improved X-ray images tht are taken in cross section and computer enhanced for clarity - useful in trauma situations to assess internal injury - bones, blood vessels, soft tissues
108
Epithelial tissue
``` Sheet of cells tht covers a body surface or lines a body cavity Function: -protection -secretion -absorption -diffusion -filtration -sensory reception ```
109
Skeletal muscle
Cells can be controlled voluntarily Cells are multinucleied Striated Attach to connective tissue
110
Monocytes
WBC Clean up debris Develops into a macrophage Largest if all the blood cells
111
Basophils
WBC Release histamine (allergic reaction) and heparin (anti-clotting) Mediates late stages of inflammation
112
Hypodermis
Adipose Insulator Superficial fascia
113
thin skin
Covers the rest of the body
114
X ray imaging
- produce negative images of internal body structures - denser structures appear lighter, or whiter - visualize bones, tumors
115
Histology
Study of structure of tissues
116
Plantar
Arch of foot
117
Columnar cells
Columns, oval nuclei
118
Carpal
Wrist
119
Pseudostratified columnar
-differ in heights, nuclei seen at diff levels Function: secretion Tend to have cilia -respiratory tract
120
Brachial
Arm
121
Pelvic cavity
Contains bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
122
Neuroglia
supporting cells in nervous tissue | -nonconducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons
123
Stratified epithelial
More than one layer
124
stratum lucidum
only in think skin, clear
125
Fibular or perineal
Side of leg
126
DSA
Digital Subtraction angiography Produces images of blood vessels/ small arteries -images are taken before and after the injection of contrast medium -identifies blockage of arteries
127
Cuticle
Eponychium
128
Avascular
No blood supply
129
Cardiac muscle
- striated - involuntary - as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation - heart
130
stratum corneum
made of about 30 layers of tightly packed dead cells= keratin for protection
131
Midline
Imaginary line that extends directly down the middle of the dorsal and ventral surfaces
132
Stratified squamous
Function: protection against abrasion -bcuz thickest, so best adapted for protection Skin(contains keratin)
133
Long bone
Longer than is wide
134
Flat bone
Thin and flat | Skull
135
Olecranal
Elbow
136
Frontal
Forehead
137
Cardiac
Involuntary (pumps blood) One nucleus per cell Striated Attached to other cardiac muscle cells
138
Hallux
Top of big toe
139
Types of multicellular glands
- Simple tubular, simple branched tubular, compound tubular(branches) (tube shaped) - Simple alveolar, simple branched alveolar, compound alveolar(branches) (rounded) - Compound tubuloalveolar (combination with branches)
140
melanocytes
make melanin for skin color
141
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium outermost shield of body avascular
142
Superficial Deep
Toward or on the body surface Away from the body surface, internal
143
Sensory receptors
Touch
144
Umbilical
Belly button
145
Lateral Medial
Away from the midline of the body, outer side Toward the middle or midline of the body, inner side
146
Body systems
- integumentary - skeletal - muscular - lymphatic - respiratory - digestive - nervous - endocrine - cardiovascular - urinary - male reproductive - female reproductive
147
Vertebral cavity
Runs through the vertebral cavity encloses the spinal cord
148
Vertebral
Spine
149
Hair follicles
Extend from the epidermal surface into the dermis
150
Cilia
-whiplike, highly motile extensions of the apical membranes of certain epithelial cells
151
Endosteum
Internal bone surfaces covered by a much thinner connective tissue membrane
152
Thick skin
Covers palms and soles, no hair follicles | Stratum lucidum
153
Skeletal system consists of
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
154
Orbital
Eye
155
red marrow,
Where blood cell production occurs
156
Calcaneal
Heel
157
Nasal
Nose
158
Inferior Superior
Below, toward the lower part of structure or body Above, toward the head or upper part of structure or body
159
Simple columnar
Function: absorption, secretion of mucus and other substances - bcuz thin enough to allow large number to pass through quickly, yet thick enough to house machinery needed to perform molecular transport - most commonly found in stomach and intestines
160
Edema
Excess of watery fluid collecting in cavities or tissues
161
Hair follicle receptors
Sense movement of hair
162
Cranial | Caudal
Toward the head | Toward the tail
163
Cell junctions
-cell has to be held together by some kind of junction
164
Oblique plane
Angle
165
Hyaline cartilage
- collagen fibers - supports and reinforces, resists compression - covers end of long bones and joint cavities, nose, trachea etc
166
Smooth
Involuntary (surrounds hollow organs) One nucleus per cell No striations Attached to other smooth muscle cells
167
, Compact bone,
Is dense and looks smooth and uniform ex. Femur | External layer
168
Reticular
- structurally holds different organs together - soft internal skeleton, support other cell types - common in liver, spleen, etc - network of reticular fibers
169
malignant melanoma
most deadly and life-threatening Cancer of melanocytes Invasive Moles
170
Axial region
Head, neck and trunk (main axis of the body)
171
Abdominal
Abdomin
172
Ventral body cavity
Contains lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys These are called visceral organs Divided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
173
Fibrocartilage
- thick collagen fibers - tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock - Chondrocyte in lacunae - intervertebral discs
174
Cranial cavity
Lies in the skull encases the brain
175
Irregular bone
Don't fit into another category | Vertebrae
176
dermis
tough, made of fibrous connective tissue Two regions Papillary and reticular
177
Sagittarius plane
2 sides, right and left
178
Cell classification of epithelial tissues
Based on #cell layers and cell shape
179
Appendicular region
Protrudes off axial. Upper and lore limbs
180
Crural
Leg
181
Terminal
Longer coarser hair of scalp, and public regions, legs, arms and chest of men
182
Lacunae
Matrix cavities
183
Functions
1. support- rigid, strong, bone is well suited for bearing weight; individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissue and organs 2. Protection- bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds. ex. Ribs, skull 3. Movement/leverage- skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons. Joints allow movement between bones (ligaments allow for some but prevent excessive movement) 4. storage- minerals (calcium and phosphorous) and fat (in yellow marrow) 5. blood cell production- in red marrow.
184
Sacral
Bottom of spine right before butt
185
Popliteal
Back of knee
186
Pollex
Lower meatier part of thumb
187
Median (midsagittal) plane
Middle
188
Anterior Posterior
Towards the front of the body Towards the back
189
sebum
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands(skins oil glands)
190
Nail
Scalelike modification of the epidermis | Dead, keratin used cells
191
Matrix
Firm homogenous gel
192
papillary layer
Areolar | dermal ridges due to papilla (little cone shaped projections)
193
Transverse plane
Top and bottom
194
Third degree burns
Full thickness burns | Entire thickness of skin, appears white red or blackened
195
Stratified cuboidal
Function: protection | Larger ducts
196
Medullary cavity
Very center of long bones Contains no bone tissue at all In adults filled with yellow bone marrow
197
Auxiliary
Armpit
198
Ipsilateral | Contralateral
On the same side | On opposite sides
199
Simple epithelial
Single layer
200
Sonography
- provides sonar images of developing fetuses and internal body structures - ultrasound images allow for immediate, inexpensive visualization of internal organs
201
Metacarpal
Back of hand
202
Elastic cartilage
- more elastic fibers in matrix then hyaline - Chondrocytes in lacunae - maintains shape of structure while allowing flexibility - external ear
203
Dorsal body cavity
Divided into cranial and vertebral cavity
204
Meissners corpuscle
Fine touch receptors
205
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa
206
Tendon sheaths
Contain synovial fluid, often associated with synovial joints Act as ball bearings to reduce friction -essentially an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon like a hot dog bun -occur only on tendons that are subjected to friction
207
Joint cavity
Filled with synovial fluid, which helps with lubrication | This synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane, which lines the joint cavity
208
Synarthrosis
Nonmovable | Largely restricted to the axial skeleton
209
Gliding
Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across eachother
210
Flexion | Extension
Decrease angle of joint, brings bones closer | Increase angle of joint, straightening action
211
Nerves and vessels of synovial joints
- Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers - some detect pain, most monitor how much the capsule is being stretched - blood vessels supply synovial membrane - functional redundancy: branches from several major nerves and blood vessels, when movement compresses one, others stay open and Keep the joint nourished
212
Depression
Moving the elevated part inferiorly
213
Synchondroses
-hyaline cartilage unites the bones Ex. Epiphyseal plates, joint between the first ribs costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum -Immovable synarthroses
214
Symphyses
-fibrocartilage unites the bones -Resilient shock absorber, resists tension and compression -Slightly moveable joints (amphiarthroses) Ex. Intervertebral disks
215
Types of fibrous joints
Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses
216
Use the term joint to refer to
A moveable articulation
217
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable | Largely restricted to the axial skeleton
218
Synovial joints
Freely moveable joints (diarthroses) | -that contain a fluid filled joint cavity
219
Cartilaginous joints
United by cartilage; lack a joint cavity, not highly moveable Two types 1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses
220
Plantar Flexion
Pointing toe
221
Rotation
Turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis Transverse plane Medial and lateral rotation
222
Structural classification
Material that binds bones together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity Based on connective tissue/fluid
223
Gomphoses
-Peg in socket joint -connecting ligament is the short periodontal ligament Ex. Tooth in socket
224
Inversion | Eversion
Special movements of the foot at inter tarsal joints - invert: turn sole medically - evert: turn sole laterally
225
Elevation
Lifting a body part superiorly
226
Syndesmoses
- Connected exclusively by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue longer than those that occur in sutures) - Amount of movement allowed depends on the length of the connecting fibers
227
General structure of synovial joints
- articular cartilage (ends of opposing bones, hyaline cartilage), keep bone ends from being crushed - joint cavity (holds a small amount of synovial fluid) - articular capsule - synovial fluid - reinforcing ligaments - nerves and vessels - articular disc - bursa and tendon sheaths
228
Structural types of synovial joints
- plane joint - hinge joint - pivot joint - condylar joint - saddle joint - ball and socket joint
229
Opposition
- of your thumb | - move thumb across the palm enabling it to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
230
Lateral rotation
Rotating away from the medial plane
231
Synovial fluid
- resembles raw egg white - -slippery lubricant that eases the movement at the joint - weeping lubrication (pressure placed on joints durning movement squeezes synovial fluid into and out of articular cartilages) nourishes cells
232
Abduction | Adduction
Spread away from medial axis | Bring toward the medial axis
233
Angular movements
- increase or decrease the angle between two bones | - Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and Circumduction
234
Sutures
- Seams - Tightly bound by minimal amount of fibrous tissue - Only between bones of the skull - Knit bone together but also allow the skull to expand with the brain during childhood
235
Articulation
Place where two bones come together
236
Medial rotation
Rotating toward a medial plane
237
Pronate | Supinate
Palm down Palm up (Turns around ling axis)
238
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
239
Fibrous joints
United by fibrous tissue (dense regular connective) No joint cavity little to no movement
240
Functional classification
Based on the amount of movement allowed
241
Types of synovial joints
- nonaxial: adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis - uniaxial: movement occurs around a single axis - biaxial: movement can occur around two axes; thus the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes - multiaxial: movement can occur around all three axis and body planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse)
242
Special movements
``` Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction.supination Pronation Opposition Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion ```
243
Dorsiflexion
Foot towards shin
244
Hyperextension
Individuals who have loose ligaments are capable of hyperextending joints
245
Bursa
Flattened fibrous sack lined by synovial membrane Often located when ligaments, tendons, skin, muscles, or bones overlie eachother and rub together Contain synovial fluid, often associated with synovial joints Act as ball bearings to reduce friction
246
Circumduction
Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
247
Reinforcing ligaments
- some synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by band like ligaments - capsular: thickened parts of the fibrous layer of articular capsule - extracapsular: located just outside the capsule - intracapsular: internal to the capsule, covered with synovial membrane that separates them from the joint cavity
248
Articular capsule of synovial joint
- joint cavity enclosed by this two layered capsule - outer fibrous layer (dense irregular, continuous with periosteum) - inner synovial membrane layer (loose connective tissue) - covers all internal surfaces not covered by cartilage - makes synovial fluid
249
Protraction | Retraction
No angular movements in an anterior and posterior direction
250
Plane joint
Nonaxial movement Gliding Ex intercarpal/tarsal joints
251
Hinge joint
Uniaxial movement Flexion and extension Ex: elbow joints
252
Pivot joint
Uniaxial movement Rotation -proximal radioulnar joints
253
Condylar joint
Biaxial movement Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Ex: wrist joints
254
Saddle joint
Biaxial movement Adduction and abduction Flexion and extension Ex: thumb
255
Ball and socket
``` Multiaxial Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Rotation Ex: shoulders and hips ```

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