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Nakamura Human Physiology lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection

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2
Q

Transport (functions of the circulatory system)

A
  • delivery of nutrients (proteins, fats, etc) and oxygen (makes 38 ATP) to the tissues
  • removal of metabolic wastes (nitrogen, ammonia) and co2
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3
Q

Regulation (functions of the circulatory system)

A
  • distribution of hormones (endocrine system)

- temperature regulation (37 Celsius or 98.6 F)

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4
Q

Protection (functions of the circulatory system)

A
  • clotting after injury (coagulation)

- immune response (antibodies in blood and white blood cells)

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5
Q

Cellular structure of the heart

A
  • myocardial cells

- specialized cardiac cells (non contractile muscle fibers)

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6
Q

Myocardial cells

A

-Striated Fibers that tend to branch
-responsible for contraction and relaxation
–One nucleus per cell
–Gap junctions (intercalated disks). Once stimulation is applied, it helps the flows from cell to cell.

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7
Q

Specialized cardiac cells

A
  • pacemaker cells (SA node and AV node)
  • conductive cells (purkinje fibers and bundle of His)
  • produces energy that causes myocardial cells to contract
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8
Q

Heart structure

A
  • four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles)
  • four valves (atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves)
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9
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

.Tricuspid Valve between rt atrium and rt ventricle

•Bicuspid valve (mitral) between left atrium and left ventricle

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10
Q

Semilunar valves

A

.•Pulmonary semilunar valve between rt ventricle and pulmonary artery
•Aortic semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta

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11
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Blood is oxygen poor bcuz from right ventricle

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12
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Oxygen rich blood. Left ventricle

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13
Q

Two circulations

A

Pulmonary: heart to lungs to heart
Systemic: heart to tissues to heart

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14
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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15
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

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16
Q

SA node

A

-Pace of the heart is set by the SA node
•Depolarization begins at the SA node, travels across the atria to the AV node, travels down the bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers and depolarizes the ventricular muscle
-resting potential at about -55

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17
Q

SA node action potentials

A
  • *Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated channels family (HCN channel also called pacemaker potentials): positive charge enters cell. Spontaneous automatic
  • *At −40mV, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering action potential and contraction. Calcium rushes in, goes to +20.
  • *Repolarization occurs with the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels.
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18
Q

Cardiac muscle fiber action potentials phases

A

0) initial rapid depolarization (Na+ channel open)
1) small initial repolarization (Voltage-gated K+ channel open)
2) plateau (long) at 15mV for 200-300 msec (Voltage-gated Ca++ channel open with continued K+ channel open)
3) repolarization (More K+ channels are opened, Ca++ channel becomes inactive)
4) resting potential
(Repolarization takes longer bcuz allows ventricles to fill with blood)

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle fiber action potentials

A

-Cardiac muscle fiber APs are about 100X longer in duration than the APs in skeletal muscle fibers
•The long phase (plateau) of the APs is caused by VG Ca2+ channels
-•The AP lasts about as long as the muscle contraction
•Cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential of −90mV.
•They are depolarized to threshold by action potentials from the SA node.
-depolarization causes contraction (increased pressure)
-Repolarization causes relaxation (decreased pressure)

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20
Q

Electrolytes in human body fluids

A

Cations: Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), calcium (Ca2)
Anions: chloride (CI), bicarbonate (HCO3), phosphate (HPO4), protein
-total osmolarity (total number of solute particles per liter) of ECF and ICF is ~300 mOsm
-follows concentration gradient from high to low
-solution is made up of a solute (sugar) and a solvent (water)
-diffusion: solute movement from high to low concentration (ex channel opening)

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21
Q

Fixed anions

A

Impermeable
Including organic phosphates and other organic anions
HPO4 and protein

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22
Q

Sodium

A

ECF: 145 mM (millimoles)
ICF: 12 mM (millimoles)

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23
Q

Potassium

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A

ECF: 5 mM (millimoles)
ICF: 150 mM (millimoles)

24
Q

Calcium

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A

ECF: 5 mM (millimoles)
ICF: 10^-6 mM (millimoles)

25
Chloride
ECF: 113 mM (millimoles) ICF: 4 mM (millimoles)
26
Bicarbonate
ECF: 27 mM (millimoles) ICF: 8 mM (millimoles)
27
Phosphate
ECF: 2 mM (millimoles) ICF: 95 mM (millimoles)
28
Protein
ECF: 13 mM (millimoles) ICF: 55 mM (millimoles)
29
ECF
-outside the cell -1/3 of total body water Plasma, ISF, dense CT water, bone water, transcellular % of body weight: 27 % of total body water: 45 Volume (liters): 19
30
Plasma
% of body weight: 4.5 % of total body water: 7.5 Volume (liters): 3.2
31
ISF
Interstitial fluid: fluid bathing the cell. Ultra filtration of plasma % of body weight: 12 % of total body water: 20 Volume (liters): 8.4
32
Dense connective tissue water
.% of body weight: 4.5 % of total body water: 7.5 Volume (liters): 3.2
33
Bone water
.% of body weight: 4.5 % of total body water: 7.5 Volume (liters): 3.2
34
Transcellular
.% of body weight: 1.5 % of total body water: 2.5 Volume (liters): 1.0
35
ICF
-inside the cell - 2/3 total body water -high concentration of protein % of body weight: 33 % of total body water: 55 Volume (liters): 23
36
Total body water
% of body weight: 60 % of total body water: 100 Volume (liters): 42 liters
37
Membranes and transport
-Cell membrane separates ICF from ECF •Cell membrane is selectively permeable •Energy requirements for transport through the cell membrane
38
Passive transport
Diffusion occurs if: –There is a concentration difference across the membrane for the substance –The membrane is permeable to the diffusing substance •If a substance (solute) is allowed to diffuse to equilibrium, the molecules will be distributed uniformly on each side of the membrane -net movement down a concentration gradient
39
Active transport
•Requires energy (ATP) Movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradients –From lower to higher concentrations •2 Types of Active Transport: –Primary –Secondary
40
Solute diffusion
Although some solutes can diffuse through the cell membrane, charged ions must diffuse through pores in the membrane called channels.
41
Rate of diffusion
.•Diffusion (passive transport) rate depends upon –The magnitude of concentration gradient –Relative permeability of the membrane to different ions •Neuronal cell membrane 20X more permeable to K+ than to Na+ –Temperature: Higher temperature, faster diffusion rate –Surface area
42
Primary active transport
-The movement of ions or molecules, e.g., a Na+ ion or a glucose, through a cell membrane -requiring the direct expenditure of energy in which ATP hydrolysis (reaction in which the energy stored in the ATP is released) occurs at the same site as the movement of the ions or molecules through the membrane •ATP required for the function of the carriers (turns into ADP) •Molecule or ion binds to carrier site •Binding stimulates phosphorylation (breakdown of ATP) •Conformational change moves molecule to other side of membrane
43
Na/K ATP-ase pump
* Primary active transport * Carrier protein is an ATP enzyme that converts ATP to ADP and Pi * 3 Na+ ions are pumped out for every 2 K+ ions pumped into the cell * Pump is electrogenic (leaves intracellular negative. 3+ out 2+ in)
44
Secondary active transport mechanism
- To the right is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump which transports 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell with each ATP hydrolysis. - This creates a concentration gradient for sodium (higher concentration outside the cell than inside) which drives the secondary transport of a glucose (an example of a symporter on the left) in conjunction with the movement of Na+ ions along its concentration gradient. - sodium moves glucose into cell since sodium now higher outside cell then inside, follows concentration gradient back into the cell taking glucose with it
45
Membrane potential
•Proteins and phosphates are negatively charged and cannot cross the membrane (fixed anions) •These anions attract positively charged cations that can diffuse through the membrane pores (electrical attraction) -two opposing forces, electrical attraction and concentration gradient
46
Resting membrane potential
-High permeability to K+ –Resting membrane potential is slightly less than EK because some Na+ can diffuse into the cell (i.e., membrane is slightly permeable to Na+) -with sodium equilibrium is reached at -65 mV instead of -90 –Na+/K+ ATPase pump is electrogenic (needed bcuz hafta go through cycle again)
47
Cardiac cycle
-Systole: Contraction (.3 sec. ventricles contract, atria relax. AV closed, semilunar open. 1st heart sound) •Diastole: Relaxation (.5 sec. Takes longer cuz allows ventricles to fill. Atria contract, ventricles relax and fill. AV open, semilunar close. 2nd heart sound) -end of contraction beginning of relaxation inside pressure decreases -valves open and close bcuz of pressure changes •Atrial Systole during last 0.1 sec of ventricular diastole
48
Isovolumetric
relating to or being an early phase of ventricular systole; the cardiac muscle exerts increasing pressure on the contents of the ventricle without significant change in the muscle fiber length and the ventricular volume remains constant -means equal volume. So volume doesn't change but pressure increases
49
Ventricular pressure changes During Cardiac Cycle
1. Isovolumetric Contraction and 1st heart sound (AV valves close) 2. Ejection Phase 3. Ventricular pressure falls and 2nd heart sound (semilunar valves close) 4. Isovolumetric relaxation lasts until pressure in ventricles falls below the pressure in the atria 5. Rapid filling phase of ventricles 6. Atrial systole ejects final volume of blood into ventricles
50
Electrocardiogram (EKG ECG)
-EKG records potential differences across the surface of the heart -monitors electrical activity of the heart •P, QRS, and T waves •S-T segment and the AP
51
Heart sounds
●First heart sound (S1) is produced just after the QRS complex. -AV closes because ventricles contract ●Second heart sound (S2) is produced shortly after the peak of the T wave -semilunar closes bcuz ventricles relax
52
P wave
.●The potential difference across the atria creates the P wave. ●When about half of the atrial muscle fibers are depolarized, the P wave reaches its peak amplitude. -starts at right atria bcuz of the SA node -atria is undergoing depolarization (contraction) -monitoring myocardial electrical activity
53
QRS and T wave
.●Delay between the P wave and the QRS complex is the time required to stimulate the AV node and eventually the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers ●Depolarization of the ventricles occurs from the inside toward the outside and produces the QRS complex (ventricles contract, atria relax) ●Repolarization of ventricles occurs from the outside toward the inside and produces the T wave
54
K equilibrium potential (Ek)
-electrical attraction causes potassium to enter cell and stay inside. -concentration gradient causes potassium to leave -Potential difference of – 90 mV, if K+ were passively distributed across the membrane. (@ -90mV K+ no longer moves) Why K+ ? -highly permeable to potassium -high potassium concentration inside cell (150)
55
Osmosis
- solvent (water) movement to higher concentration of solute - a hypotonic solution has a lower osmolarity (less solute). Therefore the water will go into the cell, causing it to swell - a hypertonic solution has a higher osmolarity (more solute). Therefore the water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink

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