Equine Science Exam 2

Question 0

Group behaviors

Answer 0

Allelomimetic (mimicry)
Epimeletic (giving care, grooming, pest control)
Et-epimeletic (contractual, seeking care and other horses)
Agnostic (conflict, dominance, determination)

Question 1

What is reactive behavior

Answer 1

Means that horses adjust to sudden changes in environment and include reflexes, vocalization, and shelter-seeking behaviors.

Question 2

Investigative behaviors

Answer 2

Flight instinct, simple curiosity, boredom (which leads to escapes), and pica (which is the eating of non food items)

Question 3

Sexual behaviors

Answer 3

Include courtship, mating, maternal, and mare and stallion aggression. Also gelding behaviors.

Question 4

Ingestive behaviors

Answer 4

Continuos grazers, forage basis
Learned patterns, palatability, social situations
Group vs individual feeding

Question 5

Eliminative behaviors

Answer 5

Horses that prefer separation, horses that overgraze and parasites

Question 6

Abnormal behaviors

Answer 6

Often due to boredom or are reactions to stress
Cribbing, wind sucking, pica, coprophagy(eating manure), wood chewing, pawing, digging, weaving, stall-walking, pacing, self-mutilation, and tail biting.

Question 7

Sleep/rest behaviors

Answer 7

Lying down + rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Standing- slow wave sleep
 (3hrs a day in these two states)
 Drowsy/resting 
  (2hours a day)
Active for other 19

Question 8

Vision

Answer 8

20/30 vision. Use the focal method
Slower light adaption, stimulated by movement
Have marginal and blind areas

Question 9

Flight zones

Answer 9

A flight zone is basically a horse’s personal bubble, or how close you can get to the horse before it takes off. These vary from horse to horse

Question 10

Point of balance

Answer 10

Changing point at which you can encourage forward or backward movement from a horse. It is used in lunging, instruction from the ground, and in normal everyday handling.
Vertical plane
Forward- stand behind the hip
Stop or turn - stand in front of the horse’s shoulder

Question 11

Unconditional responses

Answer 11

Responses that are instinctive or reflexive

Question 12

Conditioned responses

Answer 12

Are learned, whether it is something a person taught them or something another horse taught them

Question 13

Primary reinforcement

Answer 13

Natural positive reinforcement, such as food

Question 14

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 14

Learned positive reinforcement such as patting and using a soothing voice

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

Reward training

Effective because the horse wants to give a desired response

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

When the horse responds to avoid or get rid of stimulus. The escape of punishment leads to avoidance

Question 17

Imprinting foals

Answer 17

Theory that early handling may accustom the foal to human stimulus
Important during 12-24 hours
Creates bond btwn foal and humans
During this time the foal is being taught the difference between predators and prey and it is important not to be classified as a predator

Question 18

Imprint vs training

Answer 18

Imprinting is relying on instinct

Training is conditioning over a long period of time

Question 19

What makes a horse look good

Answer 19

Layout of bones dictate movement 
Several characteristics define a good looking horse:
Balance (symmetry of parts)
Structure (angles, and alignments bones)
Muscle (volume, quality, type )
Quality (refinement, style)
Character

Question 20

Balance

Answer 20

From the horizontal view, want your horse to be divided up into three equal parts from front to back
Vertical- withers and hips comparison. Want horse’s hips lower than his withers
Ratios are used to determine balance
Heart girth should equal lower leg
Topline should be shorter than underline ideally
Shorter canon bone and longer forearm

Question 21

Muscling

Answer 21

Volume
    Quantity, size
   Gaskin, forearm, stifle 
Quality 
    Definition
    Striations 
Type
   Kind/ appearance (bulging vs smooth)

Question 22

Quality

Answer 22

Refinement, not coarse
Smoothness- blending of body parts (an animal that is balanced is often smooth
Style- appearance and attentiveness

Question 23

Character

Answer 23

Breed- conformation and characteristics that make the breed what it is
Type - draft, pony, light horse
Sex
Stallions should b more masculine, muscular, larger jaw and thicker crest
Mares should b more delicate and refined and feminine

Question 24

Feed

Answer 24

1.5-2% of its body weight in feed per day (15-20lbs for a 1,000lb horse) Foals and lactating broodmares should get up to 3.5% of their body weight

Question 25

Forage

Answer 25

1% of body weight per day | 10lbs for a 1000 lb horse

Question 26

Concentrate

Answer 26

.5% of body weight in concentrate per feeding | 5lbs for a 1,000 lb horse

Question 27

Horses should also always recieve

Answer 27

Free choice water and salt

Question 28

When switching from grass to legume

Answer 28

Use quarter system

Question 29

Grasses

Answer 29

Lower protein, calcium, and energy than legumes Better balance of nutrients Timothy, orchard grass, fescue, and ryegrass

Question 30

Legumes

Answer 30

Higher protein, calcium, and energy than grasses Worse balance of nutrients Alfalfa has a Weird ratio of calcium to phosphorus Young horses cannot handle pure alfalfa bcuz of this Alfalfa is better hay, clover better pasture

Question 31

Hay analysis

Answer 31

Organoleptic-maturity, debris, mold, color | Lab analysis- mineral, protein, energy

Question 32

Supplements

Answer 32

Protein- soybean/alfalfa meal Minerals and vitamins Beet pulp- good energy and fiber source Molasses- binder and sweetener

Question 33

Nutrients

Answer 33

Various components that make up feed Proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water, and lipids, Water is the most important (need 8-12 gallons per day)

Question 34

Protein

Answer 34

Grains, forages and supplements | Made of amino acids, which are building blocks for all body structures

Question 35

Fats

Answer 35

Come from plant or animal sources and add palatability

Question 36

Minerals

Answer 36

Come from grains, forages and supplements

Question 37

Macro minerals

Answer 37

Macro-minerals: are fed in larger amounts and are calcium and phosporous, (fed in vital 2:1 ratio) sodium chloride and potassium (electrolytes)

Question 38

Micro minerals

Answer 38

Trace minerals such as copper, zinc and selenium Too little selenium results in a deficiency, too much is toxic (signs of toxicity include hair loss and shedding of feet) also, a high zinc diet can cause a copper deficiency

Question 39

Vitamins

Answer 39

Obtained from grains, forages, and supplements | These can be toxic if injected in high concentrates (do not bypass the gastric intestine)

Question 40

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 40

B-complex, vitamin C, not stored in the body Not a problem if they are on good forage and have a good microbial population. Stressed horse would benefit from a supplement most likely

Question 41

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 41

These are A, d, E, k, and are stored in the body | A and E are not produced in the body (roller coaster of A and E levels, forage needs to have a high content of these)

Question 42

Foregut

Answer 42

Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine

Question 43

Digestive tract

Answer 43

Long tube with compartments whose functions include absorption, excretion, digestion, fermentation (enzymatic digestion) and storage