Lymphocytes (~30% of WBCs) Monocytes (~5% of WBCs)

Neutrophils (~60% of WBCs) Eosinophils (1-3% of WBCs) Basophils (

Nakamura Human Physiology Lecture 2 Flashcards by Alia Chowdry

Cardiac output

the measure of the rate of blood delivery to the body.
•Average resting heart rate is 70 beats/min
•Average stroke volume (in one beat, how much blood is pumped) is 70-80 ml/beat
•Average blood volume is 5.5 liters
•Average CO is 5.5 liters/min
•1.8 billion heart beats in 50 years
Athletes have a higher stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate
•145 million liters pumped in 50 years

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Regulation of heart rate

-Balance of autonomic inputs regulates the heart rate
•Regulation of HR (chronotropic effect): term used for regulation of HR
–Positive chronotropic effect by sympathetic stimulation (increase HR). HCN channel becomes more active, depolarization quicker
–Negative chronotropic effect by parasympathetic stimulation (decrease HR) HCN channel less active, depolarization slower

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Three variables regulate stroke volume

End Diastolic Volume (EDV): end of relaxation, beginning of contraction. How much blood received from atria. If receiving more can pump out more.
Total Peripheral Resistance: surrounds heart (vessel). If diameter smaller/wall harder, resistance for heart increase and stroke volume decrease.
Strength of ventricular contraction: strength increase so do stroke volume

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Frank starling law of the heart as an intrinsic control of cardiac output

-Relationship between EDV, contraction (myocardial muscle) strength and SV.
•Intrinsic (heart itself without outside factors) mechanism:
–As EDV increases, the myocardium is increasingly stretched so that the overlap between actin and myosin becomes more favorable for a forceful contraction.
-more stretch, the higher the tension so more energy is released (within normal range). If overstretched tension is not as high
-myosin head contains ATP. When stretched ATP is closer to Actin so it can be more easily released, increasing contraction strength
-As the ventricles fill, the stretching of the myocardium allows more force to develop.

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Extrinsic control of cardiac output

Extrinsic: nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
–Positive chronotropic effect by sympathetic division (on HR)
–Negative chronotropic effect by parasympathetic division (on HR)
–Positive inotropic effect: Sympathetic increase in contraction strength by increasing permeability of the muscle to Ca2+ (on strength of ventricular contraction SV) strength by sympathetic nerve

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Outline of systemic vessels

-Arteries (O2 rich)
•Arterioles
•Capillaries
•Venules
•Veins (O2 poor)
-Arteries and veins have 3 layers
      –Tunica externa
      –Tunica media (smooth muscle)
      –Tunica interna
•Capillary walls are only 1 cell layer thick

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Elastic arteries

(aorta and other large arteries):
–Walls of smooth muscle and elastin
–Expand during ventricular systole
–Acts as recoil system during ventricular diastole

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Muscular arteries

•less elastic and have a thicker layer of smooth muscle

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Arterioles

-not layered. Only have a little smooth muscle
-Greatest pressure drop
–Precapillary sphincters (smooth muscle) regulate blood flow to capillary beds

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Capillaries

-1 cell layer thick (rbc) to permit exchange of nutrients and wastes
•Regulation of capillary flow by precapillary sphincters

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Veins

Venules and medium sized veins:
–Not as much smooth muscle (tunica media thinner than in artery) vein able to dilate easier
–Venous (1-way) valves that prevent backflow of blood into the tissues (arteries don’t have valves)
•Vena cavae (superior and inferior) return blood to right atrium of heart

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Comparing veins, arteries, and capillaries

-Pressure is highest in the arteries
•Average venous pressure is 2 mmHg and the pressure at the right atrium (connected to vena cava) is 0 mmHg
•Capillaries have the largest cross sectional area
-blood in arterial system is generally deliver in parallel to organs
-nephron doesn’t have a vein bcuz need high pressure for filtration, the rest have an artery and a vein

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Blood composition

Centrifugation of blood sample separates the components
–Plasma (55%)
–Formed elements (45%)

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Plasma

-H20
•Dissolved solutes
–Ions
–Soluble organic components: metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins

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Plasma proteins

-Constitute 7-9% of plasma
•Albumins (major plasma protein providing osmotic pressure or water movement. Prevents edema)
•Globulins
–alpha globulin (Transporting lipids, fat-soluble vitamins)
–beta globulin (Transporting lipids, fat-soluble vitamins)
–gamma globulin (Antibodies)
•Fibrinogen (clotting factor)

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Formed elements

-Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
–Leukocytes (White blood cells)
–Platelets

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Red blood cells

-Most numerous cell type (4-6 million/ mm3, cubic millimeter )
–Transports oxygen and CO2
–Life span: ~120 days
(Erythrocytes)

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Leukocytes

White blood cells (5,000 to 10,000/mm3)
–Granulocytes (cytoplasm contains granules; live 12 hours to 3 days)
-Agranulocytes (granules not visible; live 100-300 days or more)

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Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes (~30% of WBCs)

* Monocytes (~5% of WBCs)

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Granulocytes

Neutrophils (~60% of WBCs)
Eosinophils (1-3% of WBCs)
Basophils (

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Platelets

(thrombocytes)
•Fragments of large cells (no nucleus) called megakaryocytes that originate in bone marrow
•Live 5-9 days
•Platelet plug in a damaged vessel

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blood clotting

Study These Flashcards

-Damage to blood vessels causes platelets to stick to exposed collagen proteins
•Platelets Degranulate (Platelet Release Reaction): release chemicals
–ADP and thromboxane A2 make other platelets sticky
–Serotonin and thromboxane A2 stimulate vasoconstriction (vessel constructed)
–Formation of platelet plug
•Platelets also release phospholipids which participate in the formation of insoluble fibrin polymers (mesh on surface)

Cardiac output =

Study These Flashcards

Cardiac rate (70 beats per minute) times stroke pressure (70-80 mL/min)
Cardiac rate affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Stroke volume affected by contraction strength, stretch, EDV (Frank Starling) and mean arterial pressure

Blood clotting pathways

Study These Flashcards

Intrinsic: blood is removed from body and clots upon contact with another substance (ex glass container)
-initiated when contact is made btwn blood and exposed negatively charged surface
Extrinsic: faster. Injury to body, cut etc.
-initiated upon vascular injury

Intrinsic pathway

Activators: collagen, glass, and others Goes to XII which becomes activated Goes to XI which becomes activated Goes to IX which becomes activated Then VIII complex ( VIII and IX activated, calcium, phospholipids) Then common pathway -Goes to X which becomes activated Between: V complex (V, X activated, calcium, phospholipids) -Goes to prothrombin which becomes activated into thrombin -Goes to fibrinogen which becomes activated into fibrin Then XIII Then fibrin polymer

Extrinsic pathway

Activators: tissue thromboplastin Goes to VII which becomes activated Goes to VII complex (VII, tissue thromboplastin, calcium, phospholipids) Then common pathway -Goes to X which becomes activated Between: V complex (V, X activated, calcium, phospholipids) -Goes to prothrombin which becomes activated into thrombin -Goes to fibrinogen which becomes activated into fibrin Then XIII Then fibrin polymer

Distribution of blood within the circulatory system at rest

``` Systemic veins: 60-70% Lungs: 10-12 Heart: 8-11 Systemic arteries: 10-12 Capillaries: 4-5 ```

Venous return to the heart

- venous valves keep backflow from occurring - skeletal muscle pump - respiratory activity - Sympathetic nerve activity that stimulates smooth muscle (tunica media) contraction in the venous walls and reduces compliance

Venous return to the heart and respiratory activity

- during inspiration: chest expands, diagram descends, causing inside pressure (intrapleural pressure) to decrease - vein size increases (less smooth muscle so influenced by surrounding pressure) inferior and superior vena cava - lung size increases

Regulation of blood delivery to organs

-Sympathetic innervation of precapillary sphincters Rest: majority in digestion (20-25%) Heavy exercise: majority in muscle and skin (80-85%)

Blood delivery to organs during rest

``` Heart 4-5 Digestion 20-25 Kidneys 20 Bone 3-5 Brain 15 Skin 4-5 Muscles 15-20 ```

Blood delivery to organs during exercise

``` Heart 4-5 Digestion 3-5 Kidneys 2-4 Bone .5-1 Brain 3-4 Muscle and skin 80-85 ```

Plasma clotting factors

I II III IV V VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII

Fibrinogen Converted to fibrin Common pathway

Prothrombin Converted to thrombin Common pathway

III

Tissue thromboplastin Cofactor Extrinsic pathway

Calcium ions Cofactors Extrinsic, intrinsic, common

Proaccelerin Cofactor Common

VII

Proconvertin Enzyme Extrinsic

VIII

Antihemophilic factor Cofactor intrinsic

Plasma thromboplastin component; Christmas factor Enzyme Intrinsic

Stuart-prower factor Enzyme Common

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent Enzyme Intrinsic

XII

Hageman factor Enzyme Intrinsic

XIII

Fibrin stabilizing factor Enzyme Common

Blood types

Antigen on red blood cell surface determines type, as well as the antibody in the plasma Type A, B, O, and AB

Type A

Antigen on RBC: A Antibody in plasma: anti-B IA IA IA iA

Type B

Antigen on red blood cell: B Antibody in plasma: anti-A IB IB IB iB

Type O

Antigen on RBC: O Antibody in plasma: anti-A and Anti-B ii -universal donor (cuz cell doesn't carry antigen) -recipients antibodies cannot agglutinate (clump together) the donors rbcs

Type AB

``` Antigen on rbcs: AB Antibody in plasma: neither anti-A nor Anti-B -universal recipient -lack the antibodies antiA and antiB -cannot agglutinate donors rbcs ```

RH factor

Type of blood Rare Affect pregnancy Treatable

blood pH

.•Volatile acids can be converted to a gas H20 + C02 ↔️ H2C03(carbonic acid) ↔️ H+(hydrogen proton) + HC03-(bicarbonate) -Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) catalyses the reversible hydration of CO2 to form bicarbonate anion and a proton -acid base balance (acid is proton donor, base is proton receiver) -bicarbonate is the base(receives proton) -co2 is the acid (give proton) •Nonvolatile acids include ketone bodies, fatty acids, and lactic acid •Normal blood pH is about 7.4 (critical for proteins to maintain structure)

Regulation of blood pH

-Blood pH is normal when the ratio of HCO3- to CO2 is 20:1. •Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: •pH = 6.1 + log [HCO3-] \ [CO2] If bicarbonate increase, lungs slow down to increase co2

Acid base disorders

•Respiratory –Acidosis-hypoventilation (increase CO2) •pH decreases, decrease in respiration rate -emphysema, lung not functioning –Alkalosis-hyperventilation (decrease CO2) •pH increases, increase in respiration rate -respiration controlled by brain stem, so Brain damage •Metabolic –Acidosis-increased production of nonvolatile acids or loss of HC03- in diarrhea (decrease pH ,decrease HC03- ) –Alkalosis-caused by vomiting of gastric acids (Increase pH , increase HC03- ) Pancreas produces bicarbonate, secretes into duodenum. So no loss of bicarbonate when vomiting, but loss with diarrhea

Nakamura Human Physiology Lecture 2 Flashcards

(54 cards)