Nakamura Human Anatomy Ch4

Question 0

Tissues

Answer 0

●Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues
●Tissue – a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

Question 1

Review of classification with deltoid muscle as an example

Answer 1

Deltoid muscle is an organ
Made up of muscle tissues
Each individual muscle tissue is made up of muscle cells

Question 2

Four basic tissues types

Answer 2

●Epithelial tissue – covering (not just on surface or skin)
●Connective tissue – support (ex. Ligaments, basal lamina underneath epithelial tissue)
●Muscle tissue – movement
●Nervous tissue – control

Question 3

Epithelial tissue

Answer 3

●Covers a body surface or lines (covers) a body cavity
●Forms most glands (endocrine: hormones ; exocrine: enzymes)
●Functions of epithelium
●Protection
●Absorption, secretion, (ex. Balance fluid in joints) and ion transport (ex. electrolytes. Positive - cation. Negative - anions)
●Filtration (kidneys)
●Forms slippery surfaces

Question 4

Special characteristics of epithelia

Answer 4

●Cellularity: lots of cells put together
●Specialized contacts: each cell communicates to another cell by cell junction, allows them 2 work together
●Polarity: 2 sides: apical region or surface and basal region or surface. Always organized (never upside down) apical always top, basal always bottom.
●Support by connective tissue: underneath epithelia is connective tissue
●Avascular but innervated: no vessels in cells; gets nutrients from connective tissue, not isolated
●Regeneration: cells die, new cells replace them

Question 5

In the diagram, shows epithelium on top of connective tissue

Answer 5

Connective tissue contains capillary, epithelium does not
Apical surface of epithelia on top
Basal region of epithelia on bottom
Basal lamina is where the epithelia rests
Basal lamina & reticular fibers both r part of the basement membrane
Nerve starts in connective tissue, nerve ends enter partway into epithelia

Question 6

Specialized contact (characteristic of epithelia)

Answer 6

Means they are connected by cell junctions
Tight junction
Gap junction

Question 7

Gap junction

Answer 7

Exchange ions
Two adjacent plasma membranes
Extracellular space between them
Transmembrane proteins forming connexion

Question 8

Tight junction

Answer 8

• Communicate between cells
• made up of 2 adjacent plasma membranes connected by strands of tight junction proteins with an extracellular space in the middle

Question 9

Classifications of epithelia

Answer 9

●First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers (simple, stratified)
●Last name of tissue describes shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

Question 10

Simple

Answer 10

one layer of cells

Question 11

Stratified

Answer 11

more than one layer of cells

Question 12

Squamous

Answer 12

cells wider than tall (plate-like)

Question 13

Cuboidal

Answer 13

cells are as wide as tall, like cubes

Question 14

Columnar

Answer 14

cells are taller than they are wide, like columns

Question 15

Types of glands in epithelium

Answer 15

Exocrine glands

Endocrine glands

Question 16

Exocrine glands

Answer 16

●All exocrine glands have ducts
●chemicals and enzymes
●Ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
●Include the following diverse glands (types of exocrine glands)
●Mucus-secreting glands
●Sweat and oil glands
●Salivary glands
●Liver (chemicals) and pancreas (has both exocrine and endocrine glands. Insulin)

Question 17

Endocrine glands

Answer 17

No ducts, secrete directly to surface of epithelia
Faster
Hormones

Question 18

Unicellular exocrine glands (look at diagram)

Answer 18

Goblet cell
●Goblet cells produce mucin
●Mucin + water=mucus
●Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces

Question 19

Multicellular exocrine glands

Answer 19

●Have two basic parts
●Epithelium-walled duct (more organized)
●Secretory unit (make and release chemicals)
Lots of cells tht work together (multicellular)

Question 20

Types of multicellular exocrine glands

Answer 20

Simple duct structure (no branches)
Compound duct structure (duct branches)
Tubular secretory structure (tube shaped)
Alveolar secretory structure (rounded)
Combinations of these four

Question 21

7 subtypes of multicellular exocrine glands (look at chart/ diagram)

Answer 21

1. Simple tubular (ex. Intestinal glands )
2. Simple branched tubular (ex stomach, gastric glands)
3. Simple alveolar
4. Simple branched alveolar (ex.sebaceous (oil) glands)
5. Compound tubular (ex, glands of small intestine)
6. Compound alveolar (ex. Mammary glands)
7. Compound tubuloalveolar (ex salivary glands)

Question 22

Cyte

Answer 22

Cell

Question 23

Common embryonic origin of connective tissue:

Answer 23

Mesenchyme (stem cell)

Question 24

From mesenchyme, cells undergo

Answer 24

Cellular differentiation into fibroblasts (turns into fibrocytes), osteoblasts (turns into osteocytes), chondroblasts (turns into chondrocytes), and hematopoietic stem cell (turns into blood cells and macrophages)

Question 25

Major functions of connective tissue

Answer 25

●Structures within areolar connective tissue ●Support and binding of other tissues ●Holding body fluids ●Defending body against infection ●Storing nutrients as fat (adipose)

Question 26

Four classes of connective tissue

Answer 26

Connective tissue proper : cell is fibrocyte Cartilage: cell is chondrocyte osseous (bone) : cell is osteocyte Blood : cell is blood cells Also smaller Subclasses within these

Question 27

Cartilage

Answer 27

●Firm, flexible tissue ●Contains no blood vessels or nerves ●Matrix contains up to 80% water ●Cell type – chondrocyte

Question 28

Types of cartilage

Answer 28

●Hyaline cartilage ●Elastic cartilage ●Fibrocartilage

Question 29

Types of osseous (bone)

Answer 29

1. Compact bone (more dense) | 2. Spongy (cancellous) bone

Question 30

Types of connective tissue proper

Answer 30

1. Loose connective tissue - areolar, adipose, and reticular 2. Dense connective tissue - regular, irregular, and elastic

Question 31

Areolar

Answer 31

●Areolar connective tissue ●Underlies epithelial tissue ●Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels ●Has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues ●Borders all other tissues in the body

Question 32

Three types of membranes

Answer 32

Cutaneous membrane Mucous membrane Serous membrane

Question 33

Cutaneous membrane

Answer 33

skin

Question 34

Mucous membrane

Answer 34

●Lines hollow organs that open to surface of body | ●An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria

Question 35

Serous membrane

Answer 35

●slippery membranes ●Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue ●Line closed cavities ●Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

Question 36

Serous membrane examples (diagram)

Answer 36

- Parietal and visceral peritoneum - parietal and visceral pleura - parietal and visceral pericardium

Question 37

Mucous membrane example (diagram)

Answer 37

``` Mucosa of -nasal cavity -lung bronchi -mouth Esophagus lining ```

Question 38

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 38

●Skeletal muscle tissue: movement, surface ●Cardiac muscle tissue: heart ●Smooth muscle tissue: internal organs

Question 39

Tissue response to injury

Answer 39

●Inflammatory response – non-specific, local response (redness swelling) ●Limits damage to injury site ●Immune response – takes longer to develop and very specific ●Destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

Question 40

Nervous tissue

Answer 40

- Neurons are branching cells - cell processes tht may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body - also contributing to nervous tissue are nonimitable supporting cells - Once dead, difficult to repair this type of tissue (not regenerative like epithelial tissue)

Question 41

Functions of nervous tissue

Answer 41

-transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity

Question 42

Location of nervous tissue

Answer 42

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves