psych final exam Flashcards
(53 cards)
0
Q
Instinct theory
A
Instinct to fight when things seem hopeless. It’s a need to live and survive
Explains why we fight to live, ie punch a shark in the face
1
Q
Motivation
A
Force that influences our behavior into one direction or another 4 perspectives to explain motivation 1. Instinct theory 2. Drive-reduction theory 3. Arousal theory 4. Hierarchy of motives
2
Q
Instinct
A
Complex behaviors, fixed patterns, unlearned.
3
Q
Drive reduction theory
A
When physiological need creates an aroused tension.
- We are then motivated to reduce that tension.
- homeostasis.
- We want/ need to maintain balance and internal stability
- it’s why when your thirsty you get a drink
- also explains why we smoke even tho we know it’s killing us. There is this physiological tension saying we need to smoke
4
Q
Aroused theory
A
- human behavior is not always to eliminate arousal, sometimes it’s to find the optimum arousal.
- Sometimes it feels good to be on the edge of tension
5
Q
Hierarchy of motives
A
-Maslow
-all have various needs, but we prioritize based on the hierarchy of needs (shaped like a pyramid)
From base to top
-physiological needs
-safety needs
-belongingness and love needs
-self esteem needs
-self actualization
6
Q
Physiological needs
A
-need to satisfy hunger and thirst
7
Q
Safety needs
A
- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable
- need to feel safe, secure, and stable
8
Q
Belongingness and love needs
A
-need to love and be loved, belong and be accepted
9
Q
Esteem needs
A
- need for self esteem, achievement, competence, independence
- need to recognition and respect from others
- your self esteem is how much you feel you are accepted by others, not how good you feel about yourself, but how much you feel others like you
10
Q
Self actualization needs
A
-need to live life to the fullest and unique potential
11
Q
Critique of hierarchy of needs
A
- not everyone does this in order
- for example, eating disorder. When you go out of order, you have or wind up with a disorder. Going out of order makes you abnormal
12
Q
How can you tell if something is a disorder?
A
3 D’s
Deviant: not normal (not what society is doing)
Distressful: upsetting to you or your family
Dysfunctional: has to be impeding your ability to have a normal life
13
Q
Eating disorders
A
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge eating
- compulsive over eating
14
Q
Anorexia Nervosa
A
- not just starving yourself
- refusal to maintain a healthy body weight
- intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat (intense fear is like how some people fear death)
- eating a sandwich is just as intense as fear of dying
- physiological changes
- completely deny they have a problem
- co-morbid with depression
- could be they need more control in their life.
15
Q
Co morbid
A
2 or more diagnosis at one time
16
Q
Bulimia nervosa
A
- Overeating (high calorie foods, lots of calories in short amount of time)
- followed by purging (vomiting, laxatives, intense exercise)
- no denial aspect, they know they shouldn’t be doing it
- don’t become emaciated
- heart attack is the most common cause of death, also have damage to other body parts too (vomiting puts a lot of stress on the body)
- rewire brains reaction to food. After eating have the need to purge bcuz brain rewired
17
Q
Binge eating
A
- similar to bulimia expect don’t purge (more food in two hours than most people eat in 24)
- when binge eating, have a complete lack of control, black out, eat until stomach literally ruptures
- disgusted with themselves, lots of guilt.
18
Q
Compulsive overeating
A
- binge eating every meal, all day long.
- Every emotion celebrated with food
- usually morbidly obese
19
Q
Sexual motivation purposes/origins
A
•Survival
–Mating
–Nurturing
–Cooperation
•Need to Belong (not simply for reproductive reasons)
•Self-Esteem (measure of how liked we think we are)
–Increasing acceptance
–Avoiding Ostracism (estrangement from group)
20
Q
Human beings are….
A
Inherently social creatures
- we have friends, like hanging out with people
- increases survival, (reproduction)
- cooperation in groups helps us survive
21
Q
Relationships
A
- We think about this more than anything
- happiness based on friends and family
- to avoid rejection, we conform to a group we don’t even like
- depression if not accepted
- resist breaking social bonds
- once rejected, we lose our ability to function
- vice versus when we ostracize others, lose ability to function
- actual physical pain when being rejected (Tylenol/ibuprofen relieves that pain)
22
Q
Sexual motivation as energy
A
-it is not a need
-men aroused by what they see, hear and or read.
-women aroused by same material but label it differently (name it gross). girls don’t like it. Women-internally aroused. Men-externally aroused
EXTERNAL and IMAGINED STIMULI
23
Q
Labeling (Schachter)
A
- body physiologically aroused, but it’s the cognitive label that we put on that arousal that determines the emotion
- why some people like haunted houses and others don’t. (Some label it terrifying, others exciting)
- same for porn
- arousal same, label it differently
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External stimuli
- arousal: we have an optimum arousal. Too aroused, don't perform well. Not enough arousal, don't perform well.
- habituation: stimulus no longer causes novel reaction. For example with sexual stimuli, we are so used to seeing it no longer same effect
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Imagined stimuli
- brain is the biggest sex organ that we have
- women need love, emotions, actual stories or situations
- men see pictures, snapshots
- wet dreams: orgasm while asleep. Most men and 40% of women
- most screams have no sexual content
- 95% of men and women say they fantasize
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Sexual motivation as direction
•Sexual Orientation(has bcome complicated, asexual, bisexual etc)
-not a lot of brain differences but hypothalamus (needs) larger in heterosexual men
•Erotic Plasticity – our sexual orientation is not fixed but wavers. Not a category but a range. Women's wavers more so than men could be caused by hormones or environments
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Physiology of sex
•Hormones
–Estrogen – female hormone
–Testosterone – male hormone
-everyone has and needs both, testosterone tends to stay at a stable level, estrogen goes up and down
•Sexual response cycle
–Excitement
–Plateau (excitement starts to peak, breathing hard, blood pressure high)
–Orgasm (climatic moment, all muscles contract, flood of dopamine)
–Resolution (body returns to normal. Takes longer if don't orgasm.)
•Refractory period – time when orgasm cannot be reached again (short lived) women 10 s men. about 30 mins, can be shorter or longer.
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Sexual disorders
-within sexual stages themselves
Adverse effects: related to porn and tv.
-False ideas of what sex looks like:girls only moan cuz thtz what's expected. People say its over to quickly. Doesn't need to be a 2 hr porno. chick flicks: unrealistic expectations of relationships
-Kills satisfaction.
Disorders (affect ability to get laid or reproduce)
-premature ejaculation
-erectile dysfunction
-orgasmic disorder
-paraphilias
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Erectile dysfunction
-go through levels, but body doesn't get with the program
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Orgasmic disorder
-get to orgasmic stage, but don't get past it
| Linked to anxiety, past trauma
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Paraphilias
Fetish
- fetishes so intense, literally no longer able to function without it
- habituation leads people down this road. Started off super small then grew
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Development
- tend to study how things change or stay the same over time/as people grow
- study old people and babies
- argue about whether things happen, in stages/phases or is there a gradual development
- also argue about nature vs nurture (most agree on a mix of both)
33
Cognitive development
- both biological and how one is responding/interacting with environment
- cognitive: actual mental processes that occur in our brain
- maturation: all tend to grow at the same rate (predetermined growth plan)
- piaget's stages of cognitive development
34
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
4 stages
1. Birth to nearly 2 yrs
2. 2 to about 6 or 7 yrs
3. About 7-11 years
4. About 12 to adulthood
35
Birth to nearly 2 years
- sensorimotor: senses in mouth
- experience world through senses and actions. Looking, touching, mouthing, grasping.
Developmental phenomena
- object permanence: when an object leaves visual field, it ceases to exist. Why peak a boo works
- stranger anxiety: schemas( filing cabinet) for faces. Bcome agitated bcuz don't recognize faces of other people and don't realize they are other humans just find them scary.
36
2yrs to about 6 or 7
- preoperational
- no abstract thinking or math, representing things with words and objects, use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Developmental phenomenon
- pretend to play someone else
- egocentrism (inability to literally see things from another persons point of view) everything they can see or know, they believe you can see you or know as well.
- language development
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About 7 to 11 years
- Concrete operational
- thinking logically about concrete events, think more abstractly, can start to do math
Development phenomemon
- conservation: change in quality doesn't mean it changed in quantity. Recognize this now. Before didn't realize 5 $1 bills equaled 1 $5 bills
- mathematical transformation
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About 12 through adulthood
- Formal operational
- abstract reasoning
Development phenomenon
- potential for mature moral reasoning
- abstract logic
39
Assimilation theory
- refers to the process in which child modifies new info to fit it into already existing schema
- sees bird, builds schema for bird. Sees plane, Child assimilates plane into bird schema.
- in adults this is stereotyping
40
Accommodation
- child will modify schema, or create new schema in order to handle new info
- child creates new schema for plane, now knows difference between bird and plane
41
Origins of attachment
- basically how secure, connected, bonded we feel with our caregiver
- studied which is more important, bonding or just being a fed?
- found nurturing to be more important than just food. We need to feel bonded to our caregiver. Otherwise it changes things
42
Familiarity
- another part of attachment
- imprinting (animals do this)
- human beings a bit more complex, but still attach to caregiver and start mimicking them
43
Attachment Differences and associated caregiver behavior
-experiment where mom leaves baby alone in the room with a stranger
Attachment styles and (caregiver behavior)
-Secure: cries, but is comforted when mom returns (sign tht mom comforts baby when cries, plays with baby)
-Avoidant: no distress and no response (sign that mom doesn't play with kids, encourages independence, discourages crying)
-Ambivalent: cries, but can be comforted by stranger. When mom returns obsessed with moms movements (inconsistent parenting)
-Disorganized: no coping skills. Panicks. When returns, babies response doesn't make sense. May crawl towards them backwards (neglectful, abusive)
44
Attachments directly affect...
..How you act when older
Ex.
Secure: upset bf went to strip club, but okay when they come back
Avoidant: don't notice bf left
Ambivalent: pissed that you left, so have sex with brother
Disorganized: keys your car, burns your cat
45
Parenting styles
- authoratative
- authoritarian
- permissive
- neglectful
46
Authoratative
- Demanding but responsive
- have rules, but also want to talk about your day
- allow child to negotiate or have input into rules, but if rules are broken still punished.
47
Authoritarian
- military style
| - lots of rules, no negotiating, very little hugging/ affection
48
Permissive
- want to be your best friend.
- lots of saying you are unique and special, but little to no rules
- ex. Gives permission to have big party at house with alcohol tho underage
49
Neglectful
- tend to neglect children
- abusive maybe
- ex. Parents throw a party cuz parents are never home/ come home
50
Outcomes (effects parenting styles have on kids)
- Authoratative: good self esteem, good grades, socially competent, don't get in trouble with law.
- authoritarian: poor self esteem, good grades, decent socially, don't get in trouble with law. Depression runs high
- permissive: excellent self esteem, bad grades, great social skills, get in trouble with law
- neglectful: poorly in all domains
51
Moral feelings
- once amygdala (emotions) get involved, everything changes
| - no longer think logically
52
Moral thinking development
Kohlberg’s Stages for Development of Moral Reasoning
•Preconventional – Avoiding punishment and gaining rewards
•Conventional – Rules and laws upheld for their own sake. Also care about what peers think. (People will think him a criminal/ bad husband)
•Postconventional – affirms people’s agreed upon rights or ethical principles, which are culturally biased, thus controversy over this stage
