psych exam 1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
0
Q
Psychology
A
Study of behavior (anything an organism does that can be controlled or observed) and mental processes (internal emotional states, ex dreams)
1
Q
Blank slate (tabula rosa)
A
Locke
Every person is a blank slate at birth
Every experience we have writes in that slate and makes us who we are
2
Q
Empiricism
A
The view that knowledge originates in experience
Science should rely on observation and research
3
Q
Structuralism
A
Study of the elements of consciousness
Break down the mind to smallest elements
Wundt- father if scientific psychology
4
Q
Introspection
A
Careful, systematic observation by one’s own conscious experience
5
Q
Functionalism
A
Studies the function of thoughts and feelings
William James
Father of behavioral and applied psych. (Structuralism stupid)
6
Q
Freud
A
Unconscious = thoughts, memories, desires, wishes not in awareness
Psychoanalysis and psychodynamics
7
Q
Behaviorism
A
Should only study observable behavior
Rewards and punishment change behavior
8
Q
Some types of psych
A
Neuroscience Evolutionary Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Socio-cultural Behavior genetics
9
Q
Neuroscience
A
How body and brain enables emotions
10
Q
Evolutionary
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How natural selection perpetuates one’s genes
11
Q
Psychodynamic
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How behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts
12
Q
Behavioral
A
How we learn observable responses
13
Q
Cognitive
A
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info
14
Q
Socio-cultural
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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
15
Q
Behavior genetics
A
Hw much our genes and environments influence our individual differences
16
Q
Psychology vs psychiatry
A
Psychology -half do research -treat through therapy, counselors, often see people and help them learn to function, see lower end of disorders -clinical psychology: work in institution usually, treat less functioning disorders (suicidal etc) much wider array, help you deal with crisis -see often Psychiatrist -medical degree -prescribe medicine -see really really sick every 3 months -institutions or private practice
17
Q
Critical thinking
A
- how you think about everything being said
- open minded
- try to remain unbiased
- identify when being biased
- distinguish facts from opinion
- don’t oversimplify
18
Q
Limits of intuition, common sense, and assumptions
A
- overconfidence bias: think we are a little better at what we do than everyone else; bad things happen to other people, good things happen to me
- hindsight bias: when we look back on something we think we can explain it (oh yeah, that’s common sense)
19
Q
Barum effects
A
Subjective evaluation in which a person finds personal meaning in vague information (ex. Crush on someone. Trying to uncover secret meaning behind words)
20
Q
Research process
A
- Theories lead to Hypothesis lead to Research and Observations which causes one to generate or refine Theories
- Don’t do research then come up with theories
- Theories: overarching idea about how something works
- Hypothesis: specific, testable statement related to your dats
21
Q
Researcher
A
Scientist in charge.
Also called primary investigator
22
Q
Manipulation
A
Varying variable (the one ur messing with)
23
Q
Design
A
Basic plan
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Control
Holding constant (taken into consideration(
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Hypothesis
Testable statement of prediction directly related to ur data
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Variables
Features of study
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Sample
Participants (subjects)
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Population
Group of interest
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Groups
Section of participants
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Data
Any information that you collect
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Types of variables
Dependent: one being measured
Independent: one being manipulated
Extraneous: any other variable that might effect the dependent variable
Confound: oops, screwed up the dependent
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Descriptive method
Describe in detail, goal is to understand, not explain
| Use this method if 1. No alternative 2. Unethical to manipulate 3. Good starting point
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Descriptive (case studies)
Intense study of single person, animal, or situation
Cannot be used for hypothesis testing, but can be used for hypothesis building
No stats being used
Ex. Cults, 1 schizophrenic person
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Direct
Naturalistic observation without intervention
Or
Observation with intervention
-structured observation (set up environment. Problem: false environment. Hawthorne effect: how we act differently when we know we are being watched)
-participant observer (act like a participant)
-field experiment (manipulate something, see what happens. Go into environment and change things, but can't control the enverything)
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Indirect observation
Examine evidence left behind, not actual behavior
- physical traces: literally looking at evidence (count cigarette butts)
- archival records- diaries, etc
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Observational methods
Good starting spot
Cannot infer cause and effect
Direct and indirect
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Survey
- not manipulating, only collecting info
- gets to information you can't observe (example attitude)
- problems: people don't like to fill out them out honestly (social desirability bias)
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Correlational research
- measure the relationship between two variables
- usually uses the same group of participants
- positive correlation: moves in same direction (ex. People who are racist tend to be sexist)
- negative correlation: moves in opposite direction
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Why independent and dependent variable are not cause and effect
Because sometimes IV and DV can be switched or argued both ways. Just because two things are related does not mean one thing caused the other
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Illusory correlations
things aren't actually related, only look correlated
-causes superstitions
-causes random behaviors
(Ex. Ice cream sales and murders positively correlated only because of the heat)
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Experiment
```
True experiment
-experimental (change one IV everything else exactly the same) vs control (be careful to keep control and experimental exact same except for IV)
-between subjects design
Repeated measures
- measure DV before, change or manipulate IV, measure DVD after (called pre vs post)
-within subjects design
Factorial design
-manipulate multiple IVs
```
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Quasi experiments
Independent variable is not manipulated, it already exists
-sex
-race
-class in school (e.g. Freshman)
-major
Any time IV is not manipulated, little control exists
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Phrenology
Brain changes based on personality, and actually changed skull. 37 different parts to the brain and could feel skull to know personality
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Techniques
- Clinical observation: watch them cut skull open, watch brain
- electroensefelograph: (EEG) measure electrical circuits in brain
- PET: radioactive form of glucose
- MRI: take pictures of the brain look at what part of the brain is working
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The brain is divided
- into two hemispheres
- different sides control different things
- left: reading, writing, speaking, math, coined "dominant brain" (majority of people are right handed)
- right: creativity, perceptual tasks (left handed, somewhat better music painting, often reading disabilities, stroke, alcoholism, migraines, allergies)
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Corpus collasum
Two sides communicate through this
| If corpus collasum can no longer communicate, called split brain
47
4lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
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Frontal
Inhibitions, plan, see consequences, personality. Problem solving, emotions, reasoning
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Parietal
Sensory information, pressure (why we don't break doors when we open them)
50
Occipital
Vision
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Temporal
Hearing, language speech
| ^comprehend words
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Brain stem
Formed first in the womb, begins where spinal chord kind of meets the skull. Responsible for automatic survival function
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Medulla oblingata
Heart beat, breathing,
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Cerebellum
Voluntary movement, balance, ex raising hand
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Pons
Posture
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Thalamus
Sensory switchboard
Top of brainstem
Directs messages to sensory area
All senses go through this except smell
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Limbic system
Emotions, formation of memory
Amygdala: especially anger
Hippocampus: memory
Hypothalamus:regulates temperature, needs, motivations, hunger, thirst. Reward center. Involved in lust, addiction
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Cerebral cortex
Information processing, how everything is connected, higher level of thinking, critical thinking, logic, intricate fabric of interconnected cells
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Neuron
Nerve cell, messengers,send messages around brain though neural impulse (electrical signal traveling down the axon)
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Soma
Cell body
| Cells life support center
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Dendrites
Grow, expand,touch everything, more you have smarter you are. Trims away dendrites when you stop using information. Ex. Spanish
Receive messages from other cells
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Axon
Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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Myelin sheath
Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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Terminal branches
Form junctions with other cells
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3 types of neurons
Sensory: carries info from senses to central nervous system
Motor: carries info from central nervous system to muscles (tells body to move)
Interneurons: connect sensory and motor
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Neuro transmitters
Sent through axon terminals. Only few go to receptor sites. All the rest either float in synapse / synaptic gap or are sucked back up into 1st neuron to be used again (called reuptake)
67
Drugs
Drugs mimic meirotransmitters, take place of neurotransmitter a, or keep them from communicating (PCP)
-cocaine: blocks reuptake, floods system with adrenaline, makes them hyper
-meth? : too much, overproducing, focus on diff neurotransmitter
Prolonged drug use prolongs the way the neurons interact (including coffee)
Anti-depressant: body stops making stuff, so when get off antidepressants become even more depressed cuz body not making it on own
68
Phrenology
Brain changes based on personality
Actually changed skull
37 different parts to the brain, could feel skull to know personality
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Neurotransmitters
```
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate
```
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Acetylcholine
Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
| -with Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholine producing neurons deteriorate
71
Dopamine
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Pleasure. Addictions cuz feel really good
- excess dopamine receptor activity linked with schizophrenia
- starved of dopamine the brain produces the tremors and decreasing mobility of Parkinson's disease
72
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Happy (not physical pleasure but elevated mood) been related to aggression
- under supply linked to depression
- Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels
73
Norepinephrine
(Meth)
Helps control alertness and arousal
-under supply can depress mood, lethargic
74
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A major inhibition neurotransmitter in CMS
- can stop anxiety
- under supply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
75
Glutamate
A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory, causes pooping
- oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures
- why people avoid MSG in food
76
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal chord
77
Peripheral nervous system
All nerves outside the brain and spinal chord
| Divided into autonomic and somatic nervous systems
78
Autonomic nervous system
- connects to heart
| - broken into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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Sympathetic nervous system
- mobilize body resource's
- fight or flight
- drain blood away from periphery
- adrenaline
- why we pee ourselves when scared
80
Parasympathetic nervous system
-rest, digest
81
Somatic nervous system
Carries information from skin to CNS and from CNS to muscles
82
Cones
- Allow eyeball to see color
| - located almost directly around the optic nerve near back
83
Rods
Off to sides of cones
| Good in dim light
84
Trichromatic theory
-three different types of cones in back of eye
-ratio of light coming in
-why we have so many shades of colors
(In actual eye perhaps)
85
Opponent-processing theory
-Cones set of two opposite colors
-when light wave comes in, shuts off one of the colors (black in, white off)
-explains why never seen a reddish green color
-explain color blindness
(In actual eye perhaps)
86
Hearing
- sound molecules and waves
| - tend to hear frequencies of other humans
87
Brock's area
Damage to this area results in expressive aphasia
| -retained ability to understand language, inability to respond (can't write either, can't put thoughts into words)
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Wernicke's area
Damage to this area results in receptive aphasia
- difficulty comprehending language
- can speak, tho words often meaningless
89
Consciousness
- awareness of ourselves and environment
| - often refers to subjective (your personal experience) awareness
90
Meta consciousness
- aware that your aware
| - think about your existence
91
Forms of consciousness
| Physiologically induced
Hallucinations
Orgasm
Food or oxygen starvation
92
Forms of consciousness
| Psychologically induced
Sensory deprivation
Hypnosis
Meditation
93
Theories of consciousness
| Freud
Psychodynamics
Iceberg metaphor
3 mental systems
-conscious: above water, thoughts and perceptions
-preconscious: slightly underneath water, stored knowledge and memories
-unconscious: biggest part under water, things we can't see, fears, violent motives, irrational wishes
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Theories of conscious
| Neurocognition
- thoughts are directly related to our brain
- unconscious: implicit (muscle memory, instinct)
- conscious: explicit
- Brain is like a computer
95
Biological rhythms
- controlled by internal clocks
| - monthly cycles, sleep cycles (90 min cycles within this)
96
Circadian rhythms
- 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment.
- sleep and wakefulness
- controlled largely by hypothalamus
- during darkness pineal gland secretes melatonin
97
Seasonal affective disorder
- depressed when sun doesn't come out (winter)
| - body needs sun, needs reminders to do things
98
Alpha waves
Awake
| High frequency, low in amplitude
99
Theta waves
Stages 1 and 2 of sleep
| Spindle, burst of activity
100
Stage 3 of sleep
Deep, large amplitude, slow frequency
| Delta waves
101
Stage 4
Relaxed muscles, decreased respiration, body temperature lowers
102
REM sleep
Dreaming, eye movement
Can happen at any phase or stage
If dreams occur in 3 and 4 don't remember
1&2 remember
103
When dreaming
All parts of the brain involved except frontal
| (Controls reasoning) why weirdness in dreams seems reasonable
104
Napping
- never sleep longer than 20 mins
- 30 or 40, in stage 3&4, feel worse than you did before nap
- schedule when you wake up to stage 1&2
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Insomnia
- difficulty falling/ staying asleep
| - don't eat chocolate, don't take naps, don't drink alcohol, don't exercise after 7pm
106
Somnambulism
- sleep walking
- mostly preadolescents
- in deep stages of sleep, hard to wake up
- brain forgot to shut down that part of body
- hard to wake up because brain shut out external environment
- try not to wake cuz frightening to wake up not in bed
107
Nightmares
Frightening dreams
108
Night terrors
- Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear
- mostly in little kids, tends to go away as they get older
- body wakes up, but REM still going on
- stage 4, so hard to wake up
109
Narcolepsy
- Overpowering urge to fall asleep
- immediately fall into stage 4 sleep
- can't help it, almost as if REM deprived but can't help it
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Sleep apnea
- failure to breathe when sleeping
- snore like crazy
- linked to obesity, windpipe can't hold up fat
- machine, tubes blow air down windpipe
111
Sleep bruxism
- grinding or clenching teeth
- can grind them to nubs
- pops jaw out of socket
- lockjaw
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RLS
- Intense discomfort in legs
- feels like bugs on legs, tingling, hafta move legs
- roll rolling pins on legs, overrides discomfort
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Hypnosis
- named after Hypnos, Greek god of sleep
- characterized by relaxation and suggestibility
- Anton Mesmr: reduces pain, so used it for anesthesia
- person who is more suggestible, has vivid daydreams more easily hypnotized
- not help you recall forgotten events
- can't be made to do things you wouldn't normally do
114
Meditation
- Buddhists say deeper understanding of reality
- family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
115
2 main types of meditation
Focused attention
-pay attention to something very specific
Open monitoring
-pay attention to everything going on around you
116
Psychoactive drugs
-any chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
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Withdrawals
Once addicted
-after stop taking drug user experiences negative effects
Physical symptoms: sweating, fatigue, vomiting.
Psychological: cravings, intense want to
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Dependence
Absence if drug causes physical pain
| If experience withdrawal have dependence
119
Addiction
Adverse consequences and still choose to engage in behavior
(This is psychological, dependence is body)
Continued use of drug changes neurons, causing tolerance (take more to get same effects
Can become addicted to anything. Seen through behaviors
120
Pica
Pregnancy related dosorder, craving something, usually due to mineral/ vitamin deficiency
121
Narcotics
- derived from opium, capable of relieving pain
- euphoric, "who cares"
- impaired coordination/ mental functioning
- slows Neurotransmitters
- highly addictive
- morphine, heroine
122
Sedatives
- sleep inducing, decreases CNS activation
- intoxication and loosened inhibitions (frontal lobe)
- drowsiness and emotional swings
- barbiturates
123
Stimulants
- increase CNS activation
- I can conquer the world
- increased Blood pressure and heart rate, reduced appetite
- meth, cocaine
124
Hallucinogens
-distortions in sensory/ perceptual experiences
-euphoria and altered perceptions
-pupil dilation and jumbled thoughts
-chronic use: leads to being stupid
-paranoid
LSD, pot (time slows)
125
Cannabis
- altered perceptions and enhanced awareness
- mild relaxed euphoria
- reduces memory and motor coordination,increased heart beat
- marijuana
126
Alcohol
- mental, motor impairments
- relaxed euphoria, reduced inhibitions
- depressant
- literally shutting down system. So if sleep, could die
127
Individual differences
- Physical traits (age, weight, sex)
- psychological traits (mood, motivation)
- expectation
- tolerance
- some universals tho
128
Biological influences on drug use
- genetic tendencies
| - dopamine reward circuit
129
Psychological influences
- lacking sense of purpose
- significant stress
- psychological disorders (depression etc)
130
Social-cultural influences
- urban environment
- belonging to a drug-using cultural group
- peer influences
131
Trephination
When someone had migraines, seeing things believed evil spirits trapped. So drilled holes in skull to release spirits
