Nakamura Human Anatomy Ch 1 Flashcards
(58 cards)
Integumentary system
●Forms external body covering
●Protects deeper tissues from injury
●Synthesizes vitamin D (helps with calcium absorption)
●Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
-hair, skin, nails
Hierarchy of structural organization (see diagram slide 1)
- Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules
- Cellular level: cells are made up of molecules
- Tissue level: tissues consist of similar types of cells
- Organ level: organs r made up of different types of tissues
- Organ system level: organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together
Skeletal system
●Protects and supports body organs
●Provides a framework for muscles (used for movement)
●red, white blood cells and platelets formed in bone marrow
●Stores minerals
-bones and joints
Muscular system
●Allows manipulation of environment ●Locomotion ●Facial expression ●Maintains posture ●Produces heat
Nervous system
●Fast-acting control system
●Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
-loss of nervous system = inability to function (paralysis)
-spinal cord, brain, sensory receptors, nerves
Endocrine system
●Endocrine Glands secrete hormones that regulate:
●Growth
●Reproduction
●Nutrient use (metabolism)
-hormones work with nervous system
-gender difference maintained by hormones
(Exocrine excrete enzymes and chemicals)
Cardiovascular system
●Blood vessels transport blood
●Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
●Also carries nutrients and wastes (nitrogen)
●Heart pumps blood
Cardio= heart/pump
Vascular= vessel/pipe
Lymphatic system
(Immune system)
●Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
●Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
●Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
●Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
-contains lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, red bone marrow, spleen, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels
Respiratory system
●Keeps blood supplied with oxygen (need O2 to make ATP)
●Removes carbon dioxide (waste from making ATP)
●Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
Also need carbs(glucose) to make ATP
Make more ATP with oxygen than any other way
Contains: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus
Digestive system
●Breaks down food (carbs fat protein) into absorbable units
●Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
Breaks down protein into aa to build our own proteins from those aa
Contains: oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine. Liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Urinary system
●Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
●Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
PH 7 is neutral. Lower is acidic higher is basic
Contains: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Male and female reproductive systems
●Overall function is to produce offspring
●Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
●Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
●Mammary glands produce milk
-remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Contains: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, prostate gland (check this), penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
Anatomical position
- common visual reference point
●Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
●Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Directional terminology
refers to the body in anatomical position
Superior
Above (towards the head)
Or upper part of a structure or the body
(Cranial)
Inferior
Below
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body
(Caudal)
Anterior
In front of or toward the front of the body
Ventral (belly)
In people ventral and anterior are synonymous
In animals ventral and inferior are synonymous
Posterior
Behind: toward or at the back of the body
Dorsal (back)
In people synonymous
In animals dorsal is synonymous with superior
Medial
Toward the midline or middle of a structure
On the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part (point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk)
Distal
Farther from the origin (point of attachment)
Superficial
(External)
Toward or at the body surface
