Nakamura Human Anatomy Ch13.1

Question 1

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

Answer 1

12

Question 2

Cerebral hemisphere

Answer 2

• deeper sulci divide cerebrum into lobes
• lobes are named for the skull bones overlaying them
• 5 lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal, and incus

Question 3

Insula

Answer 3

-deep within the lateral sulcus

Question 4

Central sulcus

Answer 4

• Separates frontal and parietal lobes
• bordered by two gyri
  - precentral gyrus
  - postcentral gyrus

Question 5

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 5

-separates the occipital from the parietal lobe

Question 6

Lateral sulcus

Answer 6

-separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

Question 7

Cerebral cortex

Answer 7

• Whole surface of the cerebrum (look at frontal section of forebrain)
• three kinds of functional areas: motor, sensory, and association areas

Question 8

Lateralization of cortical functioning

Answer 8

The 2 hemispheres control opposite sides of the body.

• left hemisphere controls right side of body
• right hemisphere controls left side of the body
• corpus callosum: type of commissure (fibers allow communication btwn 2 hemispheres)

Question 9

Left cerebral hemisphere

Answer 9

-more control over language abilities, math, and logic

Question 10

Right cerebral hemisphere

Answer 10

• visual spatial skills
• reading facial expressions
• intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills

Question 11

Cerebral white matter

Answer 11

-made up of nerve fibers (axons)
Oligodendrocytes make myelin sheaths in the CNS
-Different areas of the cerebral cortex communicate with each other and with the brainstem and spinal cord
-nerve fibers are usually myelinated and bundled into tracts. (Run both horizontally and vertically)

Question 12

Types of tracts

Answer 12

Commissures
Association fibers
Projection fibers

Question 13

Commissures

Answer 13

-composed of commissural fibers
-allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
-corpus callosum: largest commissure (btwn LH and RH)
-fibers run horizontally
(In midsaggital view of the brain appear only as dots bcuz they run horizontally)

Question 14

Association fibers

Answer 14

-connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Question 15

Projection fibers

Answer 15

• run vertically
• descend from the cerebral cortex
• ascend to the cortex from lower regions (brainstem and spinal cord)

Question 16

Types of projection tracts

Answer 16

• internal capsule: projection fibers form a compact bundle, passes btwn the thalamus and basal nuclei
• Corona radiata: fibers run to and from the cerebral cortex, appear to radiate out. Superior to the internal capsule

Question 17

Brain is divided into four regions

Answer 17

• cerebral hemispheres (LH and RH)
• Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
• brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
• cerebellum

Question 18

Motor areas

Answer 18

• primary motor cortex (M1)
• pre motor area (PMA)
• supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 19

Primary motor cortex

Answer 19

Controls motor functions
–somatic(opposite of visceral) motor area
–Located in precentral gyrus (Brodmann area 4)
•Pyramidal cells: large neurons of primary motor cortex
Corticospinal tracts (from cerebral cortex to spinal cord) descend through brainstem and spinal cord
–Axons(nerve fiber) signal motor neurons to control skilled movements
–Contralateral: pyramidal axons cross over to opposite side of the brain (if stroke on right side of brain, paralyzed on left side of body)

Question 20

Motor homunculus

Answer 20

Specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body
•Face and hand muscles – controlled by many pyramidal cells
•Motor homunculus – body map of the motor cortex

Question 21

Premotor cortex

Answer 21

Located anterior to the precentral gyrus (#6)
•Controls more complex movements
•Receives processed sensory information
–Visual, auditory, and general somatic sensory
•Controls voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback
•Involved in the planning of movements

Question 22

Frontal eye/ field movement

Answer 22

Lies anterior to the premotor cortex
–In Brodmann area 8
•Controls voluntary movement of the eyes
–Especially when moving eyes to follow a moving target

Question 23

Broca’s area

Answer 23

Located in left cerebral hemisphere
–In Brodmann areas 44 and 45
•Manages speech production
•Corresponding region in the right cerebral hemisphere
–Controls emotional overtones to spoken words

Question 24

Sensory areas

Answer 24

•Cortical areas involved in conscious awareness of sensation
•Located in parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
•Distinct area for each of the major senses
-Primary somatosensory cortex
-Secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 25

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 25

-post central gyrus (#1-3) Projection is contralateral –Cerebral hemispheres •Receive sensory input from the opposite side of the body •Sensory homunculus – a body map of the sensory cortex

Question 26

Secondary somatosensory cortex

Answer 26

-Lies posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex –Corresponds to Brodmann areas 5 and 7 •Integrates different sensory inputs –Touch, pressure, and others •Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences -involved in somatosensory processing and association.

Question 27

Visual areas

Answer 27

Primary visual cortex | Visual association cortex

Question 28

Primary visual cortex

Answer 28

–Corresponds to Brodmann area 17 –Located deep within the calcarine sulcus •On the posterior and medial part of the occipital lobe –Receives visual information that originates on the retina –First of a series of areas that interprets visual input

Question 29

Visual association cortex

Answer 29

-works with other areas -Surrounds the primary visual area –Coincides with Brodmann areas 18 and 19 –Continues the processing of visual information –Complex visual processing extends into: •Temporal and parietal lobes Visual information proceeds in two streams from primary visual cortex -Ventral and dorsal streams

Question 30

Basic parts of the brain, divided into 4 regions

Answer 30

- cerebral hemispheres - Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) - brain stem : midbrain, pons, and medulla - cerebellum

Question 31

Ventral stream

Answer 31

into inferior part of the temporal lobe -responsible for recognizing objects, words, and faces Auditory What

Question 32

Dorsal stream

Answer 32

extends to the postcentral gyrus –Perceives spatial relationships Where pathway

Question 33

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 33

Function – conscious awareness of sound –Location – superior edge of the temporal lobe –Corresponds to Brodmann areas 41 and 42

Question 34

Auditory association area

Answer 34

-Lies posterior to the primary auditory cortex –Located within Brodmann area 22 –Permits evaluation of different sounds –Lies in the center of Wernicke’s area –Involved in recognizing and understanding speech

Question 35

Gustatory cortex

Answer 35

-Involved in the conscious awareness of taste stimuli | •Corresponds to Brodmann area 43

Question 36

Olfactory cortex

Answer 36

-Lies on the medial aspect of the cerebrum •Located in a region called the piriform lobe •Olfactory nerves transmit impulses to the olfactory cortex –Provides conscious awareness of smells

Question 37

Language area

Answer 37

Surrounds the lateral sulcus in the left cerebral hemisphere

Question 38

5 parts of the language area

Answer 38

1) Broca's area 2) wernicke's area 3) lateral prefrontal cortex 4) most of the lateral and inferior temporal lobe 5) parts of the Insula

Question 39

Broca's area

Answer 39

Motor Speech production 44 and 45

Question 40

Wernicke's area

Answer 40

Speech comprehension

Question 41

Lateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 41

– conceptual analysis of spoken words

Question 42

Most of the lateral and inferior temporal lobe

Answer 42

Coordination of auditory and visual aspects of language

Question 43

Parts of the Insula

Answer 43

-Initiation of word articulation •Recognition of rhymes and sound sequences -located deep within lateral sulcus