joints

Question 0

Use the term joint to refer to

Answer 0

A moveable articulation

Question 1

Articulation

Answer 1

Place where two bones come together

Allow the rigid skeletal system some flexibility

Question 2

Functional classification

Answer 2

Based on the amount of movement allowed
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

Question 3

Synarthrosis

Answer 3

Nonmovable

Largely restricted to the axial skeleton

Question 4

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 4

Slightly movable

Largely restricted to the axial skeleton

Question 5

Diarthrosis

Answer 5

Freely movable

Question 6

Structural classification

Answer 6

Material that binds bones together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity
Based on connective tissue/fluid

Question 7

Fibrous joints

Answer 7

United by fibrous tissue (dense regular connective)
No joint cavity
little to no movement

Question 8

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 8

United by cartilage; lack a joint cavity, not highly moveable
Two types
1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses

Question 9

Synovial joints

Answer 9

Freely moveable joints (diarthroses)

• that contain a fluid filled joint cavity
• joint surfaces are enclosed by a two layered articular capsule, creating a joint cavity
• inner layer is a smooth connective tissue membrane called the synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid)
• outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue
• articular hyaline cartilage covers the surfaces of the bones forming the joint
• may contain bursar

Question 10

Joint cavity

Answer 10

Filled with synovial fluid, which helps with lubrication

This synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane, which lines the joint cavity

Question 11

Bursa

Answer 11

Flattened fibrous sack lined by synovial membrane
Often located when ligaments, tendons, skin, muscles, or bones overlie eachother and rub together
Contain synovial fluid, often associated with synovial joints
Act as ball bearings to reduce friction

Question 12

Bursitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of bursa

Question 13

Flexion

Extension

Answer 13

Decrease angle of joint, brings bones closer

Increase angle of joint, straightening action

Question 14

Abduction

Adduction

Answer 14

Spread away from medial axis

Bring toward the medial axis

Question 15

Pronate

Supinate

Answer 15

Palm down
Palm up

(Turns around ling axis)

Question 16

Sutures

Answer 16

(Irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers. Joints of skull)

• Seams
• Tightly bound by minimal amount of fibrous tissue
• Only between bones of the skull
• Knit bone together but also allow the skull to expand with the brain during childhood

Question 17

Syndesmoses

Answer 17

(Connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue, bones do not interlock)

• Connected exclusively by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue longer than those that occur in sutures)
• Amount of movement allowed depends on the length of the connecting fibers

Question 18

Gomphoses

Answer 18

-Peg in socket joint
-(tooth is secured In a bony socket by the periodontal ligament)
Ex. Tooth in socket

Question 19

Types of fibrous joints

Answer 19

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

Question 20

Synchondroses

Answer 20

-hyaline cartilage unites the bones
Ex. Epiphyseal plates, joint between the first ribs costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum
-Immovable synarthrose

Question 21

Symphyses

Answer 21

-fibrocartilage unites the bones
-Resilient shock absorber, resists tension and compression
-Slightly moveable joints (amphiarthroses)
Ex. Intervertebral disks

Question 22

General structure of synovial joints

Answer 22

• articular cartilage (ends of opposing bones, hyaline cartilage), keep bone ends from being crushed
• joint cavity (holds a small amount of synovial fluid)
• articular capsule
• synovial fluid
• reinforcing ligaments
• nerves and vessels
• articular disc
• bursa and tendon sheaths

Question 23

Structural types of synovial joints

Answer 23

• plane joint
• hinge joint
• pivot joint
• condylar joint
• saddle joint
• ball and socket joint

Question 24

Articular capsule of synovial joint

Answer 24

- joint cavity enclosed by this two layered capsule - outer fibrous layer (dense irregular, continuous with periosteum) - inner synovial membrane layer (loose connective tissue) - covers all internal surfaces not covered by cartilage - makes synovial fluid

Question 25

Synovial fluid

Answer 25

- resembles raw egg white - -slippery lubricant that eases the movement at the joint - weeping lubrication (pressure placed on joints durning movement squeezes synovial fluid into and out of articular cartilages) nourishes cells

Question 26

Reinforcing ligaments

Answer 26

- some synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by band like ligaments - capsular: thickened parts of the fibrous layer of articular capsule - extracapsular: located just outside the capsule - intracapsular: internal to the capsule, covered with synovial membrane that separates them from the joint cavity

Question 27

Nerves and vessels of synovial joints

Answer 27

- Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers - some detect pain, most monitor how much the capsule is being stretched - blood vessels supply synovial membrane - functional redundancy: branches from several major nerves and blood vessels, when movement compresses one, others stay open and Keep the joint nourished

Question 28

Tendon sheaths

Answer 28

Contain synovial fluid, often associated with synovial joints Act as ball bearings to reduce friction -essentially an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon like a hot dog bun -occur only on tendons that are subjected to friction

Question 29

Hyperextension

Answer 29

Individuals who have loose ligaments are capable of hyperextending joints

Question 30

Gliding

Answer 30

Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across eachother

Question 31

Medial rotation

Answer 31

Rotating toward a medial plane

Question 32

Lateral rotation

Answer 32

Rotating away from the medial plane

Question 33

Circumduction

Answer 33

Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

Question 34

Angular movements

Answer 34

- increase or decrease the angle between two bones | - Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and Circumduction

Question 35

Rotation

Answer 35

Turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis Transverse plane Medial and lateral rotation

Question 36

Special movements

Answer 36

``` Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction.supination Pronation Opposition Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion ```

Question 37

Elevation

Answer 37

Lifting a body part superiorly

Question 38

Depression

Answer 38

Moving the elevated part inferiorly

Question 39

Protraction | Retraction

Answer 39

No angular movements in an anterior and posterior direction

Question 40

Opposition

Answer 40

- of your thumb | - move thumb across the palm enabling it to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

Question 41

Inversion | Eversion

Answer 41

Special movements of the foot at inter tarsal joints - invert: turn sole medically - evert: turn sole laterally

Question 42

Dorsiflexion

Answer 42

Foot towards shin

Question 43

Plantar Flexion

Answer 43

Pointing toe

Question 44

Types of synovial joints

Answer 44

- nonaxial: adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis - uniaxial: movement occurs around a single axis - biaxial: movement can occur around two axes; thus the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes - multiaxial: movement can occur around all three axis and body planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse)

Question 45

Plane joint

Answer 45

Nonaxial movement Gliding -ex intercarpal joints, inter tarsal joints, and joints between vertebral articular surfaces

Question 46

Hinge joint

Answer 46

Uniaxial Round process fits into concave surface Allowing movement in one plane, usually Flexion or extension Ex elbow and interphalangeal joints

Question 47

Pivot

Answer 47

Uniaxial Rounded surface articulates with shallow depression Rotational movement on one plane Ex proximal radioulnar joint and the atlantoaxial joint (btwn axis and atlas)

Question 48

Condylar joint

Answer 48

Biaxial Condyle of fits into ellipsoidal depression Allow movement on two planes, Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction Ex. Wrist, metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

Question 49

Saddle joint

Answer 49

``` Biaxial Saddle shaped, one convex one concave Two planes Flexion adduction Ex carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs ```

Question 50

Ball and socket

Answer 50

Multiaxial Ball shaped head fits into cup like depression Flexion adduction rotation Ex hip and shoulder joints

Question 51

Origin

Answer 51

Every muscle is attached to bone at two points. | This is the stationary or less movable attachment

Question 52

Insertion

Answer 52

Moveable attachment | When muscles contract, and fibers shorten, insertion moves toward the origin