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Clinical Pathology > Cardiovascular Diseases 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sterling’s hypothesis

A

Volume of blood in the chamber is proportional to the contractile ability of the heart in that chamber

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2
Q

What are the 3 causes of increased cardiac workload?

A

Hypertension, vascular disease or MI

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3
Q

What is the result of increased cardiac work?

A

Increased stress- hypertrophy and/or dilation= cardiac dysfunction

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4
Q

What are the 2 main results of left sided heart failure that have effects throughout the body?

A

Low output

congestion

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5
Q

What are the effects of low output resulting from left ventricular heart failure

A

pre-renal azotremia (high N2content in blood)
Salt and fluid retention (renin-angiotensin activation/natriuretic peptides)
Brain-irritability, decreased attention, stupor>coma

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6
Q

What are the effects of congestion, resulting from left ventricular heart failure?

A

Lungs: pulmonary congestion and oedema. Dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, blood tinged sputum, cyanosis, increased pulmonary wedge pressure

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7
Q

Causes of right sided heart failure

A

Left heart failure

Cor pulmonale

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8
Q

What is cor pulmonale

A

Abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of lung disease or pulmonary blood vessels

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9
Q

Organs/areas affected by right sided heart failure

A

Liver and spleen
Kidneys
Pleura/pericardium
Peripheral tissues

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10
Q

What are the effects of right sided heart failure on the liver and spleen

A

Passive congestion (nutmeg liver)
Congestive splenomegaly
Ascites

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11
Q

Autopsy findings of cardiac heart failure

A

Cardiomegaly, chamber dilation, hypertrophy of myocardial fibres, BOXCAR nuclei, pulmonary/peripheral oedema

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12
Q

What are BOXCAR nuclei?

A

Rectangular nuclei in hypertrophied myocytes

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13
Q

Valvular opening problems

A

Stenosis

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14
Q

Valvular closing problems

A

Regurgitation

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15
Q

70% valvular heard disease is made up of what 2?

A

Aortic and mitral stenosis

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16
Q

Causes of aortic stenosis

A

Senile-old age

Rheumatic heart disease

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17
Q

Causes of mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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18
Q

Rheumatic heart disease follows what infection?

A

Group A strep

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19
Q

Effects of rheumatic heart disease

A

Pancarditis:

1) endocarditis
2) myocarditis
3) pericarditis

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20
Q

5 acute effects of rheumatic heart disease

A 
Inflammation
Asschoff bodies (nodules)
Anitschlcow cells (enlarged macrophages with asschoff bodies)
Pancarditis
Vegetations on chordae tendinae
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21
Q

3 chronic effects of rheumatic heart disease

A

Thickened valves
Commisural fusion
Thick, short chordae tendinae

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22
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy but no hypertension

A

Aortic stenosis

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23
Q

Calcification of the mitral skeleton, usually a result of regurgitation, but sometimes stenosis

A

Mitral annular calcification

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24
Q

What mitral valve dysfunction is more common in females than males?

A

Mitral annular calcification

mitral valve prolapse

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25
Causes of aortic regurgitation
Syphilis Rheumatoid arthritis Marfan's syndrome
26
Causes of mitral regurgitation
``` Mitral valve prolapse Infectious Fen Phen (anti obesity drug) Weakness in papillary muscles/chordae tendinae Mitral annular calcification ```
27
Myxomatous (pathological weakening of tissue) degeneration of mitral valve. Associated with connective tissue disorders.
Mitral valve prolapse
28
Usually asymptomatic, mid-systolic 'click', holocystolic murmur if regurg present, occasional chest pain, dyspnoea
Mitral valve prolapse
29
Effects of mitral valve prolapse
97% no significant effects | 3% infective endocarditis, mitral insufficiency, arrythmias, sudden death
30
Which congential heart defects may not be evident until adult life?
Coarctation of the aorta and ASD
31
Give 4 examples of left to right shunt congenital heart defects
VSD ASD Atrioventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus
32
Give 5 examples of right to left shunt congenital heart defects
``` Tetralogy of fallot Transposition of the great arteries Truncus arteriosus Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection Tricuspid atresia ```
33
Gene abnormalities account for what percentage of CHDs
10%
34
What are the most common genetic defects in CHDs
Trisomies Mutations of single genes (TBX5 for ASD and VSD, NKX2.5 for ASD) Deletion of a specific region of chromosome 22
35
Environmental factors that can result in CHDs
Rubella | Teratogens
36
Name of the gap between the 2 parts of the septum primum
ostium secundum
37
The septum secundum grows on what side of the septum primum?
The right side
38
The border of the septum secundum delineates what foramen?
Foramen ovale
39
In the development of the aorticopulmonary system of the heart, the septum divides what 2 parts of the heart into the spiralling aorta and pulmonary artery?
bulbis cordis | Truncus
40
Does ASDs include a patent forament ovale?
NO
41
What are the 3 types of ASD
Secundum (90%) Primum (5%) Sinus venosus (5%)
42
A type of ASD with a defective fossa ovalis
Secundum
43
A type of ASD next to AV valves,mitral cleft
Primum
44
A type of ASD next to superior vena cava, anomalous pulmonary veins draining to SVC on right atrium
Sinus venosus
45
Most common CHD
VSD
46
The majority of VSD involve with septum
Membranous
47
If msucular septum is involved in VSD, what appearance can this have?
Multiple holes 'swiss cheese septum'
48
What can be the result of a large VSD?
Pulomary hypertension
49
What happens both initially and evenutally in patent ductus arteriosus?
Left to right shunt, possibly reverse shunt as pulmonary hypertension approaches systemic pressure.
50
What treatment is given to keep the ductus arteriosus patent?
Protstaglandin E1
51
Continuous harsh, machinery like murmur
Patent ductus arteriosus
52
More than 30% patients with Atrioventricular septal defect have what other medical condition?
Down's syndrome
53
Atrioventricular septal defect is associated with what part of the heart?
AV valves
54
What does complete atrioventricular septal defect mean?
All 4 chambers freely communicate
55
What are the 4 characteristics of tetralogy of fallot?
Pulomonary stenosis VSD Right ventricular hypertrophy Over-riding aorta
56
Abnormal formation of truncal and aortopulmonary septa, needs a shunt for survival
Transposition of great artereis
57
What classes as an unstable shunt for transposition of the great arteries- the majority
PDA or PFO
58
What calsses as stable shunt for transposition of the great arteries- the minority
VSD
59
In transposition of the great arteries, which ventricular wall is thicker?
Right
60
What is the prognosis for transposition of the great arteries?
Fatal in the first few months unless surgically repaired
61
Developmental failure of separation of truncus arteriosus and associated VSD
Truncus arteriosus
62
Produces systemic cyanosis as well as increased pulmonary blood flow
Truncus arteriosus
63
pulmonary veins do not go into LA but into L.innominate vein or coronary sinus
total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
64
Name 3 obstrucive congenital heard diseases
Coarctation of the aorta Pulmonary stenosis/atresia Aortic stenosis/atresia
65
Is coarcation of the aorta more common in males or females?
Males, common in turner's syndrome
66
Which is more serious, preductal coarctation of the aorta or post ductal ?
Preductal
67
What other heart defects present with pulmonary stenosis/atresia
If 100% stenosed, hypoplastic RV with ASD.
68
What are the 3 types of aortic stenosis/atresia
Valvular Subvalvular Supra-valvular

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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