Flashcards in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Deck (51):
1
Inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis
Bacteristatic
2
Kill bacteria
Bactericidal
3
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Minimum concentration of antibiotic at which visible growth is inhibited
4
Give a syndergistic example of 2 types of antibiotics used to treat streptococcal endocarditis
Aminoglycoside and beta lactam
5
Which types of antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall?
Beta lactams and glycopeptides
6
What is the name of the major constituent of bacterial cell walls and name the 2 glucose derivatives that it is made up of
Peptidoglycan
N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
N-acetyl glycosamine (NAG)
7
Describe the beta lactam ring
C-C-C-N in a ring structure. Structural analogue of D-alanyl D-alanine
8
How do beta lactams work?
Interfere with the function of the 'penicillin binding proteins' (transpeptidase enzymes) involved in the peptidoglycan cross linking
9
Name 4 types of beta lactams
Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,monobactams
10
Amoxicillin is an example of what type of antibiotic?
Penicillin- beta lactam
11
cefuroxime is an example of what type of antibiotic?
cephalosporin-beta lactam
12
meropenem is an example of what type of antibiotic?
carbapenem
13
azteronam is an example of what type of antibiotic?
monobactam
14
Give an example of a glycopeptide
Vancomycin
15
How do glycopeptides work?
Bind directly to terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine on NAM to prevent binding of transpeptidases and thus peptidoglycan cross linking
16
Glycopeptides work on what sort of bacteria?
Gram +ve- unable to penetrate outer membrane on gram -ves
17
Name the different antibiotics that act as protein synthesis inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides, Lincosamides, streptogramins (MLS)
Tetracyclines
Oxazolidinones
(others e.g. mupirocin, fusidic acid)
18
Name an example of an aminoglycoside
Gentamycin
19
How do aminoglycosides work?
Bind to 30s ribosomal subunit
20
Name an example of a macrolide
Erythromycin
21
How do MLS antibiotics work?
Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit
22
Name an example of a tetracycline
doxytetracycline
23
How do tetracyclines work?
Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, and interfere with binding of tRNA to rRNA
24
Name an example of an oxazolidinone
Linezolid
25
How do oxazolidinones work?
Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits assembly of initiation complex.
26
Name the types of DNA Synthesis inhibitors
Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides
Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones
27
How do trimethoprim and sulfonamides work?
Inhibit folate synthesis- folic acid is a purine synthesis precursor.
28
What is the target enzyme in DNA synthesis that trimethoprim targets?
Dihdydrofolate reductase
29
What is the target enzyme in DNA synthesis that sulfonamides target?
Dihydropteroate synthetase
30
Give an example of a trimethoprim/sulfonamide antibiotic
Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfomethoxazole)
31
How do quinolones and fluoroquinolones act?
Inhibit enzymes involved in remodelling of DNA during DNA replication
32
Give an example of a quinolone/fluoroquinolone
Ciprofloxacin
33
What categories of antibiotics act as RNA synthesis inhibitors?
Rifampicin
34
How does rifampicin work?
RNA polymerase inhibitor- prevents synthesis of RNA
35
What adverse effects are common with aminoglycosides?
reversible renal impairment and ototoxicity -toxic to ear
36
What adverse effects commonly occur with beta lactams?
Allergic reactions and rashes
37
What adverse effects commonly occur with linezolid
Bone marrow depression
38
Safe to use which beta lactams in patients with non-severe penicillin allergy?
Cephalosporins and carbapenems
39
Safe to use which beta lactam in patients with severe penicillin allergy?
Aztrenam (unicycle)
40
What is the name of the hypervirulent strain of C.Diff?
027
41
C.Diff may be precipitated by any antibiotic, but which 4 most commonly?
Co-amoxiclal cephalosporin, ciproflaxin, clindamycin
42
Clindamycin belongs to what group of antibiotics?
Lincosamide
43
3 strategies of antibiotic use- in order of specificity
Empiric, targeted, susceptibility guided
44
What antibiotic is used to treat staph A
Flucloxacillin
45
What antibiotic is used to treat steptococcus pyogenes
Benzylpenicillin
46
What class of antibiotic is used to treat gram -ve bacilli
Cephalosporins
47
What type of antibiotic is used to treat anaerobes?
Metronidazole
48
What antibiotic is used to treat gram +ves?
Vancomycin
49
What antibiotic is used as a last option to treat multi-resistant gram negatives?
Colistin
50
What antibiotics are used to treat CSF infections?
beta lactams
51