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Clinical Pathology > Urogenital Pathology > Flashcards

Urogenital Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of nodular hyperplasia

A 
Urgency
Difficulty starting micturation
Decreased stream size
Increased frequency
Incomplete bladder emptying
Nocturia
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2
Q

What is another name for nodular hyperplasia

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

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3
Q

What are the 4 zones in a normal prostate gland

A

Central
Peripheral
Transitional
Periurethral

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4
Q

Most carcinomas arise from which zone of the prostate gland?

A

Peripheral glands

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5
Q

Nodular hyperplasia typically occurs in which zone of the prostate gland

A

Central zone- causes urinary obstruction before carcinomas

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6
Q

Describe the growth of prostatic nodules in older men, compared with younger me

A

In older men they form and enlarge

In younger men (

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7
Q

Main cause of nodular hyperplasia

A

Impaired cell death- acumulation of senescent cells in the prostate

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8
Q

What role do androgens play in nodular hyperplasia?

A

They are able to increase cellular proliferation and inhibit cell death

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9
Q

What is the most common prostatic carcinoma?

A

Prostatic adenocarcinomas (95% prostatic malignancies)

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10
Q

In which age groups/ethnicities are prostatic adenocarcinomas most common?

A

> 40yrs, increase incidence in african ancestry

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11
Q

Risk factors for prostatic carcinomas

A 
Age
Race
Androgens/hormone levels
FH
BRCA2 mutation
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12
Q

How significant are BRCA2 mutations in increasing the risk of prostatic carcinoma?

A

x20 increased risk

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13
Q

What is the scoring system for prostatic carcinomas

A

Gleason’s scoring system

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14
Q

What is the prognosis for prostatic carcinoma

A

Good

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15
Q

Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumours

A 
Prior TGCT in contralateral testicle
Crytorchidism
Impaired spermatogenesis
Inguinal hernia
Hydrocele
Disorders of sex development
Prior testicular biopsy
Atopy
Testicular atrophy
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16
Q

What are the 2 types of testicular germ cell tumours?

A

Seminoma

Teratoma

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17
Q

Seminomas are common in which age group

A

35-45yrs

18
Q

Teratomas are common in which age group?

A

0-20yrs

19
Q

Which type of non germ cell testicular tumour presents as testicular enlargement, usually without pain, 10% metastases.

A

Seminoma

20
Q

Which type of non germ cell testicular tumour presents as gradual testicualr swelling, usually benign pre-puberty but often malignant post puberty

A

Teratoma

21
Q

Symptoms of seminoma

A

gynacomastia, exomphalmos, infertility

22
Q

What hormones are secreted by seminomas?

A

PLAP and hCG

23
Q

What is the cause of gynacomastia in seminomas

A

hCG

24
Q

What hormones are secreted by teratomas?

A

Pure teratomatous tissues do not secrete tumour markers

25
Q

Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is well demarcated, cream coloured, homogenous and coarsely lobulated

A

Seminoma (looks like semilina)

26
Q

Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is well demarcated, solid, and multicystic

A

Teratoma

27
Q

Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is made up of monotonous polygonal cells with mostly clear cytoplasm and central nuclei divided into lobules by thin bands of fibrovascular stroma

A

Seminoma

28
Q

Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is an admixture of ectoderm and mesoderm

A

Teratoma

29
Q

Infarcted seminiferous tubules, surrounded by purulent exudate containing neutrophils and other inflammatory cells

A

Acute and chronic epididymoorchitis

30
Q

Swollen, painful and tender testes, may also have a mass indistinguishable to a neoplasm. No granulomas are present but interstitial and intratubular aggregation of epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells imparts a granulomatous appearance

A

Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis

31
Q

Non-necrotizing granulomas involving testicular parenchyma

A

Sarcoidosis of the testis

32
Q

Soft yellow, tan or brown nodules that replace normal testicular parenchyma. Tubules and interstitium are extensively infiltrated by large histiocytes with abundant eosinophilic granulomar cytoplasm.

A

Malakoplakia of testis

33
Q

The name of the large histiocytes in malakoplakia of testis

A

Von hansermann histiocytes

34
Q

An exuberant foreign body giant cell reaction to extravasated sperm, common after vasectomy

A

Sperm granuloma

35
Q

Painless scrotal swelling, unilateral or bilateral mass, infertility, scrotal fistula. Caseating granulomatous inflammation is prominent, with fibrous thickening and enlargement of the epididymis and adjacent structures.

A

Tuberculous orchitis

36
Q

Testis found in inguinal canal or upper scrotum, or abdomen

A

Cryptorchidism

37
Q

Cryptorchidism is more common on which side?

A

Right

38
Q

2 types of crytorchidism

A

Congenital and acquired

39
Q

Complications of cryptorchidism

A

Testicular atrophy
Infertility
Carcinoma

40
Q

2 types of hypogonadism

A

Primary and secondary

41
Q

Types of primary hypogonadism

A 
Undescended testis
klinefelter syndrome
Haemochromatosis
Mumps
Orchitis
Trauma
CF
Testicular torsion
Varicocele
42
Q

Types of secondary hypogonadism

A

Pituitary failure
Drugs (glucocorticoids)
Obesity
Ageing

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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