Flashcards in Urogenital Pathology Deck (42)
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1
Symptoms of nodular hyperplasia
Urgency
Difficulty starting micturation
Decreased stream size
Increased frequency
Incomplete bladder emptying
Nocturia
2
What is another name for nodular hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
3
What are the 4 zones in a normal prostate gland
Central
Peripheral
Transitional
Periurethral
4
Most carcinomas arise from which zone of the prostate gland?
Peripheral glands
5
Nodular hyperplasia typically occurs in which zone of the prostate gland
Central zone- causes urinary obstruction before carcinomas
6
Describe the growth of prostatic nodules in older men, compared with younger me
In older men they form and enlarge
In younger men (
7
Main cause of nodular hyperplasia
Impaired cell death- acumulation of senescent cells in the prostate
8
What role do androgens play in nodular hyperplasia?
They are able to increase cellular proliferation and inhibit cell death
9
What is the most common prostatic carcinoma?
Prostatic adenocarcinomas (95% prostatic malignancies)
10
In which age groups/ethnicities are prostatic adenocarcinomas most common?
>40yrs, increase incidence in african ancestry
11
Risk factors for prostatic carcinomas
Age
Race
Androgens/hormone levels
FH
BRCA2 mutation
12
How significant are BRCA2 mutations in increasing the risk of prostatic carcinoma?
x20 increased risk
13
What is the scoring system for prostatic carcinomas
Gleason's scoring system
14
What is the prognosis for prostatic carcinoma
Good
15
Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumours
Prior TGCT in contralateral testicle
Crytorchidism
Impaired spermatogenesis
Inguinal hernia
Hydrocele
Disorders of sex development
Prior testicular biopsy
Atopy
Testicular atrophy
16
What are the 2 types of testicular germ cell tumours?
Seminoma
Teratoma
17
Seminomas are common in which age group
35-45yrs
18
Teratomas are common in which age group?
0-20yrs
19
Which type of non germ cell testicular tumour presents as testicular enlargement, usually without pain, 10% metastases.
Seminoma
20
Which type of non germ cell testicular tumour presents as gradual testicualr swelling, usually benign pre-puberty but often malignant post puberty
Teratoma
21
Symptoms of seminoma
gynacomastia, exomphalmos, infertility
22
What hormones are secreted by seminomas?
PLAP and hCG
23
What is the cause of gynacomastia in seminomas
hCG
24
What hormones are secreted by teratomas?
Pure teratomatous tissues do not secrete tumour markers
25
Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is well demarcated, cream coloured, homogenous and coarsely lobulated
Seminoma (looks like semilina)
26
Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is well demarcated, solid, and multicystic
Teratoma
27
Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is made up of monotonous polygonal cells with mostly clear cytoplasm and central nuclei divided into lobules by thin bands of fibrovascular stroma
Seminoma
28
Which type of germ cell testicular tumour is an admixture of ectoderm and mesoderm
Teratoma
29
Infarcted seminiferous tubules, surrounded by purulent exudate containing neutrophils and other inflammatory cells
Acute and chronic epididymoorchitis
30
