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Clinical Pathology > Diseases of the Skin and Eye > Flashcards

Diseases of the Skin and Eye Flashcards

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1
Q

Virus that can cause scarring of the cornea and conjunctiva

A

VZV

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2
Q

2 forms of chlamydia that damage the cornea and conjunctiva

A

Trachoma: tropical disease. Common cause of blindness.

Chlamydia types d-k- mild disease: acquired during birth from infection in genital tract.

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3
Q

6 causes of cateracts

A 
Senile degeneration
Rubella
Down's syndrome
Irradiation
Uveitis-inflammation of uvea (middle eye)
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4
Q

2 retinal infections

A

Toxoplasma: cat is host. Congenital infection causes severe bilateral disease. Aquired causes focal inflmmatory disease.
Toxocara Canis: from infected dog faeces, larva may migrate to retina and die causing localised inflammation.

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5
Q

3 types of retinal vascular disease

A

Ischaemia
Hypertensive retinopathy- flame shaped haemorrhages and exudates
Diabetic Retinopathy-dot and blot haemorrhages and exudates

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6
Q

2 types of macular degeneration

A

Dry macular degeneration (90%) Age related, common >60yrs. Progressive visual impairment, no treatment.
Wet macular degeneration (10%) New vessel growth beneath retina. Treat with drugs and lazers. Drugs inhibit vessel growth, injected directly into the eye.

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7
Q

2 types of tumours of the eye

A

Retinoblastoma

Melanoma

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8
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Rare, 10% familial. Loss of Rb gene. Tumour in the retinal, treat with enucleation.

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9
Q

Melanoma

A

Arise in the melanocytes of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body or choroid)
Type 1: good prognosis
Type 2: poor. Treat with radiotherapy and surgery.

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10
Q

Another word for genital warts

A

Condylomas

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11
Q

Superficial bacterial infection

A

Impetigo

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12
Q

Deep bacterial infection

A

Cellulitis

NF

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13
Q

Fish tank granuloma

A

Caused by mycobacteium marium.

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14
Q

Leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae. Chronic granulomatous infection. can involve nerves.

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15
Q

3 stages of eczma

A

Acute dermatitis
Subacute dermatitis
Chronic

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16
Q

Acute dermatitis

A

Red skin, weeping, serous exudate with or without vesicles.

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17
Q

Subacute dermatitis

A

Red skin, less exudate, really itchy and crusty

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18
Q

Chronic dermatitis

A

Skin thick and leathery, secondary to scratching

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19
Q

Spngiosis

A

Intercellular oedema within epidermis that you find in eczma

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20
Q

Clinical characterisitics of dermatitis

A

Chronic inflammation-predominantly superficial dermis. Epidermal hyperplasia and hypekeratosis.

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21
Q

5 types of dermatitis

A 
Atopic eczma
Contact irritant dermatitis
contact allergic dermatitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Nummular dermatitis
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22
Q

Coin shaped lesions, a type of dermatitis

A

Nummular dermatitis

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23
Q

Removal of psoriasis scab causes small bleeding points

A

Auspitz sign

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24
Q

Microscopic appearace of psoriasis

A

Psoriasiform Hyperplasia

  • regular elongated club shaped rete ridges
  • thinning of epidermis over dermal papilla
  • parakeratoti (contain nuclei) scale
  • collections of nuclei (munro microabscesses)
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25
Pathogenesis of psoriasis
Massive cell turnover and inflammation
26
Causes of psoriasis
Genetic. Associated with MS/IBD | Environmental triggers-infection, stress, trauma, drugs, smoking.
27
Assocations of psoriasis
Arthropathy CVD Cancer (Basal cell carcinoma)
28
Discoid LE
Lupus that only affects the skin
29
Systemic LE-
Visceral disease
30
Microscopic appearance of lupus
Thin, atrophic epidermis. Infalmmation and destruction of adnexal structures. Immunofluorescence shows LE band due to IgG deposited in basement membrane. i.e. antigens are sandwiched between keratinocytes and basement membrane.
31
Dermatomyositis
Perocular oedema (puffy eyes) Photo sensitive distribution-heliotropic rash. Myositis-prox muscle weakness. Can check for creatinine kinase.
32
Assocations of dermatomyositis
Visceral cancer
33
Microscopy of dermatomyositis
Dermal mucin
34
Bullous dieases
Fluid filled blisters
35
Pemphigus
Superifical blisters. Immunofluorescence- intercellular
36
Pemphigoid
Deeper blisters- subepidermal. Immunofluorescence-basement membrane
37
Pathogenesis of pemphigus
Loss of cohesion between keratinocytes resulting in an intracepidermal blister. Affects mucous membranes-mouth, anus etc.
38
Pathogenesis of pemphigoid
Subepidermal. | Elderly-large tense bullae, do not rupture easily, Can be localised or extensive.
39
Dematitis herpteiformis
Young patients. Small, intensly itchy blisters. IgA deposition in dermal papillae in IMF. Neutrophil microabscesses in dermal papillae.
40
Acanthosis nigrans
Dar warty lesions in armpits, associated with internal malignancy.
41
Necrobiosis lipodica
Red and yellow plaques on legs. Associated with DM
42
Erythema nodosum
Red nodules on shins. Associated with infections elsewhere e.g. lung.
43
Connective tissue tumours in the skin
Dermatofibroma
44
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
20% inhertied, 80% acquired (hep C or alcohol) Enzyme deficiency- uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Results in a build up of porphyrin in the skin-tissue damage when exposed to sunlight. Blisters and scarring. Porphyrins in urine-go dark on light exposure
45
Most common malignant tumour
Basal cell carcinoma
46
Are metastases common in BCC?
No, rare
47
Causes of BCC
Sun exposure-pale skin more susceptivle Radiotherapy Immunosuppression Gorlin's syndrome
48
Early clinical manifestation of BCC
Nodule
49
Late clinical manifestation of BCC
Roden tulcer with rolled edge. Ill defined and infiltrative. Tumour composed of islands of basaloid cells with peripheral palor. Can be pigmented.
50
Squamous cell carcinoma risk factors
UV radiation- tropical counties. Radiotherapy Hydrocarbon exposure-tars, mineral iols, soot Chronic scars/ulcers e.g. Marjolin's ulcer Immunosuppression Drugs e.g. for melanoma
51
Appearance of SCC
Nodule with ulcerated, crusted surface and trabeculae of squamous cells showing cytological atypia. 5% metastasise- typically in lip, ear and perineum High risk if bigger than 2cm or thicker than 4mm
52
Pre malignant disease that predisposes you to SCC
Actinic keratosis
53
Actinic keratosis
(grandpa) Scaly lesion with erythematous base. Only rarely progresses to invasive disease May spontaneously resolve
54
Benign melanocytic cancer
Naevi (moles0
55
Malignant melanocytic cancer
Melanoma
56
2 types of naevi
Superficial-congenital or aquired | Deep-blue naevi (mongolion spot)
57
Families with increased incidence of melanoma. Multiple clinically atypical moles
Dysplastic naevus syndrome
58
Melanoma
Much rare than BCC and SCC. Incidence is increasing. Very dangerous and can metastasize widely.
59
Diagnosis of melanoma
``` Asymetrical Borders uneven Colour variation Diameter >6mm ABCD ```
60
Causes of melanoma
Sun exposure-short intermittent sever exposure Race-rarer in people with darker skin Family history-dysplastic naevus syndrome Giant congential naevi-10% turn malignant
61
Lentigo maligna
Slow growing, flat, pigmented patches that grow on the faces of elderly people. Chronic skin damage. May eventually invade dermis to become lentigo maligna melanoma, which have the potential to metastasis
62
Acral lentigenous melanoma
Palms and soles. Commonest form in afro caribbeans- no marked skin damage as opposed to lentigo maligna
63
Commonest type of melanoma in britain
Superficial spreading malignant melanoma
64
Clinical appearace of superficial spreading malignant melanoma
Fat macule | Late- blue/black nodule
65
Genetic predisposition in superficial spreading malignant melanoma
BRAF mution-possible targe for anticancer agents
66
Nodular melanoma
Starts as a pigmented nodule, sometimes with ulceration. Poor prognosis.
67
Prognostic factors for melanoma
Breslow thickness- measure the thickness from granular layer of epidermis to base of tumour. 5yr survival rates. If 4mm 45-60% 5yr survival
68
Site of melanoma that give rise to a poorer prognosis
BANS- back, arms, neck scalp
69
Treatment for melanoma
Surgery | BRAF inhibitors.

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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