Flashcards in Respiratory System Pathology Deck (76)
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1
What is the function of type 1 pneumocytes
Gas exchange
2
What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes
Surfactant production
3
Respiratory failure could be a result of defects in what 3 main areas?
Ventilation, perfusion and gas exchange
4
What blood o2 concentration classifies as respiratory failure
PaO2
5
What O2 and CO2 concentrations class as type 1 respiratory failure
PaO2
6
What O2 and CO2 concentrations class as type 2 respiratory failure?
PaO26.3kPa
7
Proximal airway obstruction
Stridor
8
Distal airway obstruction
Wheeze
9
What would you find on examination, if someone has restricted opening of their small airways?
Crackles
10
What would you find on examination, if someone has narrowed small airways
Wheeze
11
Sound conduction through solid lung
Cronchial breathing
12
Lung consolidation or pleural effusion- what would you see on examination?
Dull percussion
13
What would you see on examination if someone had a pneumothorax or emphysema?
Hyperesonant
14
Benign, primary lung neoplasm
Adenochondroma
15
What are the 4 main type of lung cancer?
Small cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated large cell carcinoma
16
Non small cell carcinomas account for what proportion of lung diseases?
85%
17
How do secondary tumours usually present?
Multiple bilateral nodules
18
Which lung cancers are more peripherally sited?
Adenocarcinomas
19
What type of lung cancer is often seen with hypercalcaemia due to parathyroid related peptide in the neoplasm?
Squamous carcinoma
20
What is the usualy (90%) cause of squamous carcinoma?
Iriitants e.g. smoke, cause the normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium to undergo a reversible metastatic change to stratified squamous- may keratinise (like skin)
21
1st metastatic cell undergoes irreversible genetic changes
Dysplasia
22
In which lung cancer is thyroid transcription factor expressed?
Adenocarcinoma
23
What is a type of adenocarcinoma that is typically termed 'adenocarcinoma in situ' that is the spread of well differentiated mucinous or non mucinous neoplastic cells on alveolar walls. Not invasive and mimic pneumonia.
Bronchioalveolar carcinoma
24
Low grade, benign tumours not associated with smoking
Carcinoid tumours
25
'Oat cell' carcinomas- metastasise early, poorly differentiated. Secreted ACTH and almost all in smokers.
Small cell carcinoma
26
What skin condition is a paraneoplastic effect of lung carcinoma?
Acanthosis nigricans
27
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteroarthropathy
Clubbing
28
What coagulopathy is common paraneoplastic effect of lung cancer?
Thrombophelbitis migrans
29
Name a new drug used for lung cancers, that target epidermal growth factor receptors
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors e.g. gefitinib and erlotinib
30
