Flashcards in Paediatric Haematology Deck (24):
1
Site of haematopoeisis in children
liver
2
Site of haematopoeisis in adults
bone marrow
3
What does haematocrit take into account?
Size of RBCs and concentration of Hb
4
Describe WBCs in children
More lymphocytes in children
IgG crosses the placenta, IgM does not
Breast milk has all antibodies
Start producing own antibodies at 2-3 months
Vaccinations start at 2 months but require regular boosters
5
When do foetuses reach adult numbers of platelets?
18 weeks- important to develop early as biggest risk to foetus during birth is bleeding
6
Describe the responsiveness of children's platelets to VWF
Hyperresponsive
7
Which clotting factors are normal at birth?
Fibrinogen, FV, FVIII, FXIII
8
When do clotting factors reach adult values?
By 6 months
9
What is haemorrhagic disease of the newborn and why does it come about?
foetal vit. K is 10% of mothers- increase risk of bleeding
10
Describe the concentration of coagulation inhibitors in children
Decreased 9ATIII, heparin, protein C, protein S
11
Describe the relative concentrations of D dimers and vWF in children
Increased
12
Describe the 3 most common causes of peripheral destruction of RBCs causing anaemia in childhood
Haemaglobinopathy
Peripheral destruction
Blood loss
13
Describe 2 autoimmune haemaglobinopathy in neonates and children
Rh incompatibility- can cross placenta
ABO incompatibility- can't corss placenta so rarely a problem
14
Describe a membrane defect which can cause anaemia in children
Hereditary sperocytosis
15
Describe 2 enzyme defects associated with anaemia in children
G6PD deficiency
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
16
2 examples of how blood loss in children/foetuses can come about
Twin to twin transfusion
Fetomaternal haemorrhage
17
What is the most common nutritional deficiency in children; iron, B12 or folate
Iron
18
Give 5 causes of acquired childhood anaemia
Nutritional deficiency
Bone marrow failure
Bone marrow infiltration
Peripheral destruction; haemolysis
Blood loss
19
Give 3 causes of congential bleeding problems in children
Platelet problems
Clotting factor problems
Connective tissue disorders (Ehler's danlos)
20
Give 6 causes of acquired bleeding problems in children
Trauma
Tumour
Infection
Immune disorder
Bone marrow fialure
Drug related
21
Give 2 examples of infections in children that can cause acquired bleeding problems
Meningococcus
HIV
22
Give 2 examples of primary immune disorders in children that can cause bleeding and bruising
Immune thrombocytopenia
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
23
Give 2 examples of secondary immune disorders in children that can cause bleeding and bruising
SLE
ALPS-autoimmune lyphoproliferative syndrome
24