Flashcards in Diseases of the Renal System 1 Deck (64)
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1
What are the 4 main functions of the kidney
Eliminate metabolic waste products
Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Produce some hormones (renin, erythropoietin)
2
What are the 2 main types of mechanisms of glomerular damage?
Immunological
Non-immunological
3
Give 4 conditions whcih cause damage to the glomerulus by immune complexes being deposited in the glomerulus
Lupus
IgA nephropathy
Henoch Schonlein Purpura
Membranous purpura
4
Give 2 examples of conditions that cause damage to the basement membrane through the deposition of antibodies
Anti glomerular basement membrane disease (goodpasture's syndrome)
Post infective glomerulonephritis
5
5 mechanisms of vascular damage in the kidneys
Thrombotic microangiopathy
Vasculitis
Hypertension
Diabetes
Atheroma e.g. renal artery stenosis
6
Thrombi in capillaries and small arterioles, due to damaged endothelium (bacterial toxins, drugs) or abnormalities in clotting e.g haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Thrombotic microangiopathy
7
Give an example of vasculitis that can affect the kidney
Wegener's granulomatosis
8
Nephrotic syndrome is due to damage of what part of the renal system?
Glomerulus
9
What are the signs of nephrotic syndrome
Hypoalbuminaemia
Proteinuria
Oedema
+/-hypertension
+/-hyperlipidaemia
10
Complciations of nephrotic syndrome
Infections, thrombosis
11
4 causes of nephrotic syndrome
Membranous neuropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Minimal change disease
Diabetes, lupus nephritis, amyloid
12
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome
Membranous neuropathy
13
Primary glomerular disorder of unknown cause. 30-60yrs, 20-30% progress to end stage renal failure
Membranous neuropathy
14
A pattern of kidney damage affecting the podocytes, with various possible causes (idiopathic, genetic, heroin use, HIV)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
15
Which causes of nephrotic syndrome are more common in males than females?
Membranous neuropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
16
In children, what are the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome?
Minimal change disease, or FSGS (less common)
17
What are the 5 signs of acute nephritis
Oedema
Proteinuria
Acute renal failure
Haematuria
Hypertension
Both nephrotic syndrome and nephritis OPAHH
18
4 main causes of acute nephritis
Post infective glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
Vasculitis
Lupus
19
Typically occurs a few weeks after streptococcoal throat infection; common cause of acute nephritis
post infective glomerulonephritis
20
Most common primary glomerular disease- teenagers and young adults iwth haematuria
IgA nephropathy
21
What proportion of people with IgA nephropathy will progress to renal failure over 20 years
20-50%
22
Cause of nephritic syndrome; presents with fever, generally unwell, rash, myalgia, arthralgia
Vasculitis
23
Autoimmune disease commonly affecting women, that can be a cause of acute nephritis
Lupus
24
What are the 3 most common causes of nephritis in children?
Post infective glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
hencoch-schonlein purpura
haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
25
A specific type of IgA nephropathy that is more common in males than females- arthralgia ,abdo pain, rash and haematuria and acute renal failure
Henoch schonlein purpura
26
Typically affects children with E.coli 0157 enteritis
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
27
What are the 3 signs of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Acute nephritis, haemolysis and thrombocytopenia
28
What 3 things must be present for a diagnosis of acute renal failure
Anuria/oliguria
High plasma creatinine levels
High plasma Urea
29
What are the 3 classes of causes for acute renal failure
pre-renal
renal
post-renal
30
