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Clinical Pathology > Bacterial and Fungal Meningitis > Flashcards

Bacterial and Fungal Meningitis Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Is meningitis usually cause by viruses or bacteria/

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Is meningitis usually cause by viruses or bacteria/

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Is encephalitis usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Insidious onset of fever, headache +/- neck stiffness, altered consciousness, seizures, focal neurological signs.

A

Brain abscess

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5
Q

Are brain abscesses usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Bacteria, may be parasitic

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6
Q

What are the 2 main ways in which microorganisms can invade the brain?

A

Blood bourne invasion-blood brain barrier or blood CSF barrier
Peripheral nerves

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram -ve diplococci

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8
Q

What does neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia all have in common with regards to their requirements for growth?

A

All require blood

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9
Q

Give 5 examples of the capsular types of neisseria meningitidis

A

A, B, C, W135, Y

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10
Q

Where is the natural habitat of neisseria meningitidis?

A

Nasopharynx

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11
Q

Is what demographics of people is neisseria meningitidis carried in?

A

Smokers, uni students

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12
Q

Name 2 virulence factors for neisseria meningitidis

A

Capsulated

Acquires iron from transferin

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13
Q

Name 6 ways in which neisseria meningitidis presents

A 
Septicaemia
Septicaemia with purpuric rash
Septicaemia with meningitis
Meningitis with no rash
Chronic meningococcal bacteraemia with arthralgia
Focal sepsis
Conjunctivitis, endopthalmitis
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14
Q

What does purpuric mean?

A

non blanching

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15
Q

Treatment for neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia

A

Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, penicillin (NM), ampicillin (HI)

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16
Q

In which type of bacteiral meningitis is chemoprophylaxis of contacts of invasive disease NOT routinely done?

A

Streptococcus pneuomoniae

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17
Q

The current vaccinations against Neisseria meningitidis target which strains?

A

Group A,C and W135. None againsts group B

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18
Q

Where in the world is epidemics of neisseria meningitidis common? Usually group A

A

Arican meningitis belt

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19
Q

Describe the appearance of haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram -ve bacilli

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20
Q

What are the different strains of haemophilus influenzae and which is the most invasive disease?

A

a-f. B

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21
Q

Virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae

A

Type B capsule
Fimbriae
IgA proteases

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22
Q

Vaccines are available for what strain of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B

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23
Q

Vaccines are available for what strain of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B

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24
Q

Is encephalitis usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Viruses

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25
Insidious onset of fever, headache +/- neck stiffness, altered consciousness, seizures, focal neurological signs.
Brain abscess
26
Are brain abscesses usually caused by viruses or bacteria?
Bacteria, may be parasitic
27
What are the 2 main ways in which microorganisms can invade the brain?
Blood bourne invasion-blood brain barrier or blood CSF barrier Peripheral nerves
28
Describe the appearance of neisseria meningitidis
Gram -ve diplococci
29
What does neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia all have in common with regards to their requirements for growth?
All require blood
30
Give 5 examples of the capsular types of neisseria meningitidis
A, B, C, W135, Y
31
Where is the natural habitat of neisseria meningitidis?
Nasopharynx
32
Is what demographics of people is neisseria meningitidis carried in?
Smokers, uni students
33
Name 2 virulence factors for neisseria meningitidis
Capsulated | Acquires iron from transferin
34
Causes of lymphocytic meningitis
Viruses Spirochete (type of bacteria) TB Crytococcus
35
What does purpuric mean?
non blanching
36
Treatment for neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia
Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, penicillin (NM), ampicillin (HI)
37
In which type of bacteiral meningitis is chemoprophylaxis of contacts of invasive disease NOT routinely done?
Streptococcus pneuomoniae
38
Diagnosis for brain abscesses
Brain imaging
39
Where in the world is epidemics of neisseria meningitidis common? Usually group A
Arican meningitis belt
40
Describe the appearance of haemophilus influenzae
Gram -ve bacilli
41
What are the different strains of haemophilus influenzae and which is the most invasive disease?
a-f. B
42
Which age group is haemophilus influenzae most common in?
infants
43
Virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae
Type B capsule Fimbriae IgA proteases
44
Chemoprophylaxis of contacts is done using what antibiotic?
Rifampicin
45
Vaccines are available for what strain of haemophilus influenzae?
Type B
46
Another name for streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcus
47
Describe the appearance of strep. pneumoniae
Gram +ve cocci. Cells arrange in pairs
48
How is strep pneumoniae transmitted?
Droplet
49
What diagnostic test confirms pneumococci?
Optochin
50
What treatment is given at the same time as antibiotics in adults for treatment of strep. pneumo meningitis?
Steroids (dexamethosome) It decreases the concentration of vancomycin in the CSF, so rifampicin must be used as well.
51
3 common causes of neonatal meningitis
Group B beta-haemolytic streptococci E.Coli Listeria monocytogenes
52
At what age is septicaemia the diagnosis, compared to meningitis
less than 2 days old- septicaemia (early) | more than 5 days old- meningitis (late)
53
Treatment for neonatal meningitis
Cefotaxime, ampicillin, gentamycin
54
Complications of meningitis
Death Overwhelming sepsis Increased intracranial pressure
55
Long term problems of meningitis
Deafness, delayed development, seizures, stroke, hydrocephalus
56
Another term for lymphocytic meningitis
Aseptic
57
Causes of lymphocytic meningitis
Viruses Spirochete (type of bacteria) TB
58
What is the likely causative organism for insidious onset meningitis in immunocompromised or alcoholics
TB
59
Likely causative organism for brain abscess that has spread from adjacent structures e.g. middle ear or sinuses
Streptococci anaerobes
60
Likely causative organism for brain abscess that has spread from blood stream
Staph A
61
Diagnosis for brain abscesses
Brain imaging
62
Meningitis caused by a yeast, insidious onset
Crytococcal meningitis
63
How is cryptococcus identified in CSF?
Indian Ink Stain
64
What is the treatment for cryptococcal meningitis?
Amphotericin, flucytosine or fluconazole
65
Which lobes does encephalitis preferentially affect?
Temporal lobes
66
Give 3 organisms that cause toxin mediated CNS infections
Japanese encephalitis virus Rabies encephalitis Clostridium tetani
67
What type of virus is japanese encephalitis virus?
Arbovirus (transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks or arthropods)
68
What percentage of people die from rabies encephalitis?
100% if untreated
69
Describe the appearance of clostridium tetani
Gram +ve forming bacillus 'drumstick' anaerobe
70
How is clostridium tetani commonly transmitted
Contaminated soil infecting wounds
71
How does clostridium tetani produce a convulsive contraction of voluntary muscles?
toxin spreads in bloodstream and binds to ganglioside receptors and blocks release of inhibitory interneurones
72
The word for jaw spasms
trismus
73
Spin arching spasm
Opisthotonus
74
What are the clinical signs of tetanus (lock jaw)
``` tonic muscle spasms trismus opisthotonus respiratory difficulties cardiovascular instability ```
75
Treamtnet for tetanus
antitoxin | Penicillin or metronidazole
76
Prevention for tetanus
Toxoid

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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