Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pathology > Investigation of the Liver > Flashcards

Investigation of the Liver Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Hepatocytes constitude what percentage of liver mass?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Each hepatocyte is in contact with what other cells?

A

Sinusoid
Bile canaliculus
Neighbouring hepatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Role of SER

A

Bilirubin conjugation

Drug detoxification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver

A

Glycogen storage and synthesis

Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protein functions of the liver

A

Syynthesis and catabolism
Clotting factors
Amino acid metabolism
Urea synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lipid functions of the liver

A

Lipoprotein and cholesterol synthesis
Fatty acid metabolism
Bile acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is excreted by the liver

A

Bile acid and bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the liver do to drugs?

A

Detoxification and excretion

Inactivates steroids and excretes iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What vitamins are stored in the liver

A

Vit A,D,E and B12

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

6 LFTs in routine liver panel

A 
Alkaline phosphatase 
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
Bilirubin
Albumin
Total protein
GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What would you test to determine the functional production of metabolites?

A

Urea, plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What would you test to measure the clearance of endogenous substances?

A

Bilirubin
Ammonia
Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What would you test to measure the clearance of exogenous substances?

A

Drugs, toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Measure of the integrity of the hepatocytes- released during damage

A

Aminotransferases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of aminotransferases

A

Alamine/ALT

Asparate/AST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which aminotransferase is more specific for the liver?

A

ALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where else, other than the liver, is AST found?

A

In the muscle and RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tumour markers for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (high levels found in children)

A

alpha fetoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 main results of biliary tract damage

A

Impaired excretory function (increased conjugated bilirubin)

Increased synthesis of enzymes by cells lining the bile canaliculi (ALP and yGT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do you get elevevated ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

A

Due to increased production by cells lining the bile canaliculi and overflow into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 causes of elevated alkaline phosphatase

A

Cholestasis
Infiltrative diseases
Space-occupying lesions (tumours)
Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sites of production of ALP

A

Liver, bone, intestine, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do you distinguish between ALP isoenzymes

A

Liver and bone ALP isoenzymes separated by electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Enzyme that is elevated due to structural damage, and can support a liver source of raised ALF

A

Gamma glutamyltransferase (yGT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When can gamma glutamyltransferase levels be induced?
Alcohol Enzyme inducing agents e.g. anti-epileptics Fatty liver e.g. alcohol, diabetes, obesity Heart failure Prostatic disease Pancreatic disease Kidney damagw
26
Novel biochemical markers of fibrosis
ELF score (PIIINP, TIMP-1, Hyaluronic acid)
27
Bilirubin is a measure of what?
Excretory capacity of the liver and free flow of bile
28
What 3 measurements of bilirubin can be taken?
Total Unconjugated Conjugated
29
What levels of bilirun defines jaundice
>40micromol/l
30
slide 21
ok
31
2 examples of pre-hepatic hyperbilirubinaemia
Haemolysis e.g. rhesus incompatibility | Ineffective erythropoiesis e.g. spherocytosis
32
4 post hepatic (obstructive) causes of jaundice
Gallstones Bilicary stricutre Cancer e.g. cholangiocarcinoma Cholangitis
33
2 examples of inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism
Decreased activity of UDP glucoronyl transferase | Reduced ability to excrete bilirubin glucuronide
34
2 inborn errors related to decreased activity of UDP glucuronyl transferase
Gilbert's | Crigler Najjar
35
2 inborn errors related to reduced ability to excrete bilirubin glucuronide
Dubin-Johnson | ROTOR
36
AST/ALT elevated and normal ALP
90% hepatitis
37
AST/ALT normal and elevated ALP
90% obstructive jaundice
38
urine results in prehepatic jaundice
No urinary bilirubin
39
Urine results in post-hepatic obstruction
Dark urine and pale stools
40
Tests for viral hepititis
Serology (hep A-E, EBV, CMV, HIV)
41
Tests for chronic active and autoimmune hepatitis
Anti smooth msucle, anti liver/kidney, anti microsomal and anti nuclear antibodies
42
Test for primary biliary cirrhosis
Anti mitochondrial antibodies
43
Tests for hereditary haemachromatosis
ferritin, transferrin saturation, liver biopsy, genetic testing
44
Test for wilson's disease
Caeruloplasmin, urine copper, plasma copper, liver biopsy
45
Test for alpha antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha antitrypsin, genetic testing
46
Test for hepatocellular cancer
AFP
47
4 effects of oestrogen not being broken down in liver disease
Gynaecomastia Spider naevi Liver palms Testicular atrophy
48
What percentage of subjects with abnormal LFTs have liver disease?
1%
49
5 signs/symptoms of liver disease
``` Pain Itching Jaundice TATT Bruising ```
50
Exocrine secretions come from which cells?
Ductal and acinar cells
51
What 2 exocrine secretions are secreted from the pancreas?
Bicarbonate | Digestive enzymes
52
Describe the pathology of acute pancreatitis
Acute necrotising liquefaction | Inflammatory
53
Causes of acute pancreatitis
``` Gallstones Alcohol Drugs Hypertriglyceridaemia- increased demand on pancreas for digestive enzymes Trauma,infections Rare tumours, autoimmune ```
54
Symptoms of acute pancreatitis
Severe epigastric pain Sudden onset Radiating to the back
55
Potential biochemical features of acute pancreatitis
``` Uraemia Hypoalbuminaemia Hypocalcaemia Hyperglycaemia Metabolic acidosis Abnormal LFTs ```
56
Diagnosis for acute pancreatitis
Amylast or lipase Imaging Clinical history
57
Pathology of chronic pancreatitis
Progressive loss of both islet cells and acinar tissues
58
Presentation of chronic pancreatitis
Abdominal pain Malabsorption Impaired glucose tolerance Alcohol often an important factor
59
Do amylase/lipase values play a role in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis/
No
60
Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis
Imaging Pancreatic function tests for investigating insufficiency Misc. Vit D, calcium, FBC, LFTs, glucose, lipids
61
2 types of pancreatic function tests
Direct (invasive) test | Indirect (non-invasive) test
62
Intubation to collect aspirates in the duodenum. | Secretin, CCK, Lundh Tests
Direct (invasive) tests
63
Pancreatic enzyme analysis in stools (Elastase) Trypsinogen (IRT) measured in blood in CF screening Pancreolauryl & NBT-PABA tests
Indirect (non invasive tests)

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions