Flashcards in Introduction to Haematology Deck (48):
1
The physiological development process that gives rise to the cellular components of the blood.
Haemopoiesis
2
What are the 4 forms of self-renewal that a haematopoietic stem cell can undergo
Symetrical self-renewal
Asymetrical self renewal
Lack of self-renewal (2xP)
Lack of self-renewal
3
What type of self renewal increases the stem cell pool?
Symetrical self renewal
4
What type of self renewal maintains the stem cell pool and generates differentiated progeny?
Asymetrical self-renewal
5
What type of self-renewal depletes the stem cell pool and only generates differentiated progeny
Lack of self renewal
6
What are the 2 haematopoietic lineages
Myeloid
Lymphoid
7
At day 27, haemopoiesis starts where?
Aortagonad mesonephros region
8
At day 40, haematopoietic stem cells migrate where?
Foetal liver
9
Life span of erythrocytees
120 days
10
low RBCs
Anaemia
11
high RBCs
Polycythaemia
12
When plasma vol. is low and high conc of RBCs
Relative polycythaemia
13
What are the 2 major groups of leukocytes
Granulocytes (myeloid)
Lymphocytes (lymphoid)
14
Most common WBC
Neutrophils
15
Lifespan of neutrophils
A few hours
16
Increased numbers of neutrophils, when might this happen?
Neutrophilia e.g. infection, inflammation
17
Decreased numbers of neutrophils, when might this happen?
Neutropenia e.g. side effect of a drug
18
A rare WBC, part of the primative immune system
Basophils
19
Describe the differentiation of monocytes
Migrate to tissues and are then identified as macrophages. (histiocytes e.g. kupffer cells in liver, langerhans cells in skin)
20
Increased numbers of monocytes, when might this happen
Monocytosis e.g. TB
21
3 types of lymphocytes
Natural killers
B Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
22
Innate immune system, large granular lymphocytes that recognise 'non self'
Natural killers
23
Lymphocytes associated with humoral immunity
B cells
24
Lymphocytes associated with cell-mediated immunity
T cells
25
Examples of when you might get lymphocytosis
Glandular fever, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
26
Examples of when you might get lymphopenia
Post bone marrow transplant
27
Platelets are derived from what cell?
Megakaryocytes
28
Normal Hb concentration
115-175g/L
29
Normal RBC concentration
4-6.5x1012/L
30
Normal WBC concentration
4-11x109/L
31
Normal MCV
80-100
32
Normal MCH
27-33
33
What does the FBC test
Concentration of Hb
MCV, MCH
White cell count
Platelet count
34
3 examples of coagulation screens
Prothrombin time
Activated partial thromboplastin time
Thrombin time
35
Liquid marrow is aspirated from posterior iliac crest of pelvis. Trephine core biopsy
Bone marrow aspirate and trephine
36
The set of values for a given test that incorporates 95% of the population
Reference range
37
MCV
Microcytic hypochromic anaemia
38
Causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia
Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
lead poisoning
39
MCV 80-95
MCH > 27
low serum iron
Normocytic normochromic anaemia
40
Causes of normocytic normochromic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemias
Anaemia of chronic disease
After acute blood loss
Renal disease
Mixed deficiencies
Bone marrow failure
41
MCV>95
Can be megaloblastic or non megaloblastic
Macrocytic anaemia
42
Abnormally large, immature, and dysfunctional red blood cell, sometimes seen in macrocytic anaemia
Megaloblastic
43
Causes of macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia
Vit B12 or folate deficiency
44
Causes of non megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia
Alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia etc
45
Haematological findings of iron deficiency
Low MCV and MHC. Small pate RBCs, variable size and shape. Lon, thin 'pencil' cells
46
Haematological findings of vit B12 deficiency
RBCs much bigger. Hypersegmented neutrophils and oval macrocytes
47
Reduced levels of serum iron, MCV and MCH are within the normal ranges
Norcocytic, normochromic anaemia
48