Flashcards in science integumentary system test Deck (46):
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What are the functions of skin
Protection (cushions, insulates, waterproof; protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria; screens UV Rays)
Synthesizes Vitamin D w/ UV rays
Regulates body heat
Prevents unnecessary water loss
Sensory reception
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What are the layers of skin (top layer to bottom layer)
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
(C)ome (L)et's (G)et (S)un-(B)urned
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Area of rapidly dividing cells; most melanocytes found here, single row of cuboidally shaped cells;
Stratum Basale
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Langerhans cells abundant here; keratinocytes are spiny flattened
Stratum spinosum
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Stratum begins where keratinization begins; keratohyalin present
Stratum granulosm
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Clear translucent layer; found only on the palms and soles
Stratum lucidum
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Cells are plasma membranes filled with keratin; 20-40 layers thick of dead cells
Stratum corneum
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What are the cells involved in skin
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans Cells
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Deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous proteins)
keratinocytes
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Produce melanin
Melanocytes
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Associated with sensory nerve endings
Merkel cells
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Macrophage-like dendritic cells
Langerhans cells
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The layer that anchors the skin to underlying organs and is composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue
Subcutaneous layer
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Pigment that gives you your skin color; most important one
Melanin
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What is the structure of hair
Root (embedded in skin) and shaft (protecting skins surface); made up of hard-keratin; hair follicle contains the hair root
15
What is the structure of nails
Made of hard keratin; protective coverings on the ends of fingers and toes; consists of a nail plates that overlies a service of skin called the nail bed; growth from nail matrix
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Expanded deep end of hair
Hair bulb
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Nipple like region of dermis containing capillaries
Papillae
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Part of hair below the skin surface
Root
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Part of hair above skin surface
Shaft
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The epidermal layer surrounding the hair that extends down into the dermis or even the hypodermis
Hair follicle
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Bundles of smooth muscle cells that calls hair to stand (chill bumps)
Arrector Pili
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This chemical is a polymer of the amino acid tyrosine; made by melanocytes and transferred into keratinocytes; most important in skin color
Melanin
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Name three pigments responsible for skin color
Melanin, hemoglobin, carotenes
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Name two general kinds of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
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Most common type of sweat gland; duct reaches the surface; thermoregulation function; most abundant on palms, souls, and forehead
Eccrine gland
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How does the body regulate temperature?
Regulation of body temperature is important because the slightest change can disrupt metabolic reactions. When body temperature rises, nerve impulses tell the skin and other organs to release heat. Sweating allows the body to cool by releasing heat from the skin's surface. When the body temperature drops, the brain triggers different responses such as blood vessels contracting and shivering. These actions generate body heat.
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How does the body heal wounds?
If the wound is shallow, epithelial cells divide more rapidly, and newly formed cells fill the gap. If the wound extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break and escaping blood forms clots in the wound. The clot forms a scab. Fibroblasts migrate to the scab to bind the wound together. Then phagocytic cells remove dead cells, replace damaged tissues, and the scab falls off. If the wound is extensive it may form a scar.
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What are the types of burns
1st°, 2nd°, third-degree
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A burn down to the subcutaneous layer
Third-degree burn
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A burn down to the dermis layer
Second-degree burn
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A burned down to the epidermis layer
1st° burn
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If you have a scar, they burn was close to a ___ degree burn
Second-degree burn
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Absorbs ultraviolet radiation, prevents mutations in the DNA of skin cells another damaging effects, a dark pigment that provides skin color
Melanin
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A tough, fibrous, waterproof protein
Keratin
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Contains groups a specialized epithelial cells and are usually associated with hair follicles; also called holocrine glands; secrete and oily mixture of fatty material and cellular debris called sebum into hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
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Duct does not come to the surface; gland ruptures to release contents; sebaceous glands are of this kind; responsible for pimples; all over the body except palms and soles; lubricates hair and skin, also bactericidal
Holocrine glands a.k.a. sebaceous glands
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Outermost covering
Epidermis
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Black, brown, or yellow tint
Melanin
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Adipose layer
Subcutaneous layer
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Non living protein
Keratin
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True layer of skin
Dermis
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Tube that holds the hair root
Hair follicle
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Outer cuticle layer of the hair shaft
Cortex
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Lubricates skin make it soft and pliable
Sebum
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