Flashcards in science test on processes Deck (60):
0
Cellular respiration has three cycles....
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
1
Process that unzips, copies to make RNA and then goes to the ribosome
Transcription
2
Takes mRNA and makes proteins, mRNA goes to the ER to be _________, and tRNA brings over the amino acids, it goes codon by codon
Translated
3
What brings over amino acids during translation?
tRNA
4
MRNA goes to ____ to be translated
Endoplasmic Reticulum
5
Transcription uses _____ to unzip
DNA Helicase
6
Translation uses _____ to copy
RNA Polymerase
7
What are the steps of mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
8
The cell has completed replication as well as replication of centrioles and mitochondria and synthesis of extra membrane. It has divided, grown, and duplicated so two daughter cells can form from one cell at the end of this phase. It is a time of great synthetic activity. During this phase it obtains nutrients, and utilizes them to manufacture new living material. The cell duplicates membranes, ribosomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It also replicates the genetic material. This is important so the two daughter cells can have a complete set of genetic instructions. Is considered in phases, DNA replication occurs in S (synthesis), which is split into growth periods, G1 and G2 when other structures are duplicated
Interphase
9
Chromosomes condense and become visible. The centrioles replicate of the centrosome replicate just before mitosis. During this phase, the two newly formed centrioles pairs move to opposite ends of the cell. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse. Microtubules are assembled from tubulins proteins in the cytoplasm and associate with the centrioles and chromosomes. Spindle apparatus forms
Prophase
10
Chromosomes align along equator as a result of microtubule activity. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome so that a fiber from one pair of centrioles contacts one centromere and a fiber from the other pair of centrioles attaches to the other centromere
Metaphase
11
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell. As the chromatids separate, they become individual chromosomes. The separated chromosomes now move in opposite directions, once again guided by microtubule activity. The spindle fibers shorten and pull their attached chromosomes toward the centrioles at opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
12
In this stage the chromosomes complete their migration toward the centrioles. It is like the reverse of prophase. As chromosomes approach the centrioles they elongate and unwind. Nuclear envelopes begin to resemble around two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Division of the cytoplasm into two cells.
Telophase and Cytokinesis
13
Blank is the master plan and blank is the blueprint of the master plan
DNA; RNA
14
Blank has a sugar ribose, contains Uracil, and is single stranded
RNA
15
Blank has sugar deoxyribose, contains thymine, and is double stranded
DNA
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What are the three types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
17
Copies DNA codes and carries genetic info to ribosomes
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
18
Along with proteins it makes of ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
20
Contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases
DNA
21
Genes are code for ______
polypeptides (proteins)
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______are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
Proteins
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There are ____ amino acids
20
24
_______ is the third level of proteins
Tertiary
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Amino acid chains are also called _____
Polypeptides
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Proteins are made in the _____ of cells by the organelle ______
Cytoplasm; ribosome
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In what process is DNA copied and taken to the cytosol, n the cytoplasm it is read so amino acids can assemble to make proteins
Protein synthesis
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What is the first step of protein synthesis
Transcription
29
What is the second step of protein synthesis
Translation
30
Where does transcription occur
Nucleus
31
Where does translation occur
Cytoplasm
32
Nitrogen bases are read ___ bases at a time
Three
33
The bases on the mRNA strand are called
Codons
34
The bases on tRNA are called
Anti-codons
35
What is the start codon in translation
AUG – methionine
36
What are the stop codons of translation
UAA, UAG, UGA
37
During translation,
C=?
G=?
A=?
T=?
G, C, U, A
38
How many different kinds of bases can be found on DNA
Four; thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine
39
What goes into the Krebs cycle and what comes out
In: glucose -> pyruvic acid -> Acetyl CoA.
Out: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2
40
One glucose molecule can be turned into
Two pyruvic acid molecules
41
Pyruvic acid can form
Two acetyl CoA
42
The _______ makes ___ ATP. _____ makes ___ ATP. Therefore a single glucose molecule makes ___ ATP.
Electron Transport Chain; 34; Glycolysis; 2; 36
43
The breaking down of Lucas that occurs in the cytosol because it does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
44
The high-energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy from the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high energy electronics to a series of enzymes that store much of the remaining energy in more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The function of oxygen as the final electron acceptor is why ____ is an aerobic process
ETC
45
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6 H12 O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
46
Long straight chain of nucleotides, made in the nucleus, copies DNA and leaves through nuclear pores, contains A, G, C ,U (not T),
mRNA
47
Another name for Kreb's cycle is
Citric Acid Cycle
48
DNA is found where
Nucleus
49
Amino acids are linked together by
Peptide bonds
50
Maybe free-floating in the cytosol or attached to the surface of the rough ER
Ribosome
51
DNAs code must be copied and taken to the _____
Cytosol
52
In the cytoplasm, the DNA must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make _____
Polypeptides or Proteins
53
The process of amino acids making proteins are polypeptides is called what
Protein synthesis
54
Carries the information for a specific protein and is made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long
Messenger RNA
55
Making RNA from DNA
Transcription
56
Assembling amino acids according to the sequence of an mRNA strand
Translation
57
Protein synthesis involves what organelles
Nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome
58
Cellular respiration involves what organelles
Mitochondria
59