Pharm 11 Flashcards

(34 cards)

2
Q

MOA of local anesthetics (LA’s)

A

Block voltage-dependent sodium channels

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3
Q

This may enhance activity of local anesthetics

A

Hyperkalemia

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4
Q

This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics

A

Hypercalcemia

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5
Q

Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity

A

Vasodilation

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6
Q

Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery

A

Cocaine

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7
Q

Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors

A

Tetracaine and bupivacaine

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8
Q

These LA’s have surface activity

A

Cocaine and benzocaine

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9
Q

Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics

A

CNS toxicity

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10
Q

Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction

A

Cocaine

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11
Q

LA causing methemoglobinemia

A

Prilocaine

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12
Q

Structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation

A

Neuromuscular blocking drugs

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13
Q

These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB)

A

Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic

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14
Q

These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a “surmountable blockade,” effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)

A

Nondepolarizing type antagonists

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15
Q

Agent with long duration of action and is most likely to cause histamine release

A

Tubocurarine

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16
Q

Non-depolarizing antagonist has short duration

A

Mivacurium

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17
Q

Agent blocking muscarinic receptors

18
Q

Agent undergoing Hofmann elimination (breaking down spontaneously)

19
Q

Depolarizing blocker –> continuous depolarization –> muscle relaxation and paralysis, also causes muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur

A

Succinylcholine

20
Q

During Phase I these agents worsen the paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

21
Q

Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease

A

Spasmolytic drugs

22
Q

Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition

23
Q

GABA agonist in the spinal cord

24
Q

Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension

25
Q

Agent used for acute muscle spasm

A

Cyclobenzaprine

26
Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB
L-dopa
27
This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)
Carbidopa
28
Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx
"On-off-phenomenon"
29
Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma
Levodopa
30
Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia
Bromocriptine
31
Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's
Pramipexole and ropinirole
32
Sedative-Hypnotics action
Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation
33
Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents
CNS depressants
34
Common mechanism by which overdose result in death
Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers
35
The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome
Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)