Biostats, Behavioral & MJP

Question 1

What are the chances I really do NOT have cancer?

Answer 1

NPV - free of disease with a (-) test result

High pre-test probability –> low NPV/likely to have disease

Question 2

What are the chances that I DO have cancer?

Answer 2

PPV

- proportion of (+) results that are true (+)

Question 3

Appearance of new cases

Answer 3

Incidence

Question 4

Those without the disease at a certain time

Answer 4

Prevalence

Incidence x time

Question 5

Inc prevalence but stable incidence

Answer 5

Something that prolongs the disease = improved quality of care

Question 6

Prior knowledge of exposure status is what type of bias?

Answer 6

Observer

Question 7

Longer survival in patients who underwent screening that allowed for earlier diagnosis is what type of bias?

Answer 7

Lead-time

Question 8

Subjects selected for a study or selected from a group of w/ losses during follow-up is what type of bias?

Answer 8

Selection bias

Question 9

120 out of 400 taking an ACE developed an MI while 100 out of 300 not taking a ACE experienced an MI - what is the relative risk of MI taking and ACE-I?

Answer 9

RR = 120/400 / (100/300)

Incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed

Question 10

Odd ratio

Answer 10

ad/bc

Question 11

What type of study selects patients with a disease and without and then determines their previous exposure status?

Answer 11

Case-control

Question 12

What type of study tracks pts with a known condition to document hx or response to tx?

Answer 12

Case Series

Question 13

What type of study simultaneously measures exposure & outcome using surveys?

Answer 13

Cross-sectional (prevalence)

Question 14

Positive skew

Answer 14

Smaller #s predominate - tail in + direction

Mean > median

Question 15

Negative skew

Answer 15

Large #s predominate - tail extends in - direction

Mean < median

Question 16

Babies delivered with neural tube defects and healthy babies - moms asked about medicine use. Type of study?

Answer 16

Case-Control

Odds ratio = odds of exposure w/ disease odds of exposure w/o disease

Question 17

A risk factor leads to extensive dx testing and increases the probability the disease has been identified (smoking) is what type of bias?

Answer 17

Detection bias

Question 18

Moro reflex

Answer 18

0-5mo

- falling –> spread arms –> clasp

Question 19

Rooting reflex

Answer 19

0-4mo

• stroke cheek –> suckling
• suckling reflex 0-2mo becomes voluntary

Question 20

No direct evidence of negligence - accidents must be of a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of negligence = leaving a scalpel in pt

Answer 20

Res ipsa loquitur - “the thing speaks for itself”

Question 21

needed to harm

Answer 21

1 / risk

- compares the old way or ineffectiveness of tx

Question 22

Treating a pt - ignoring his.her wishes but aims to promote person’s best interests

Answer 22

Paternalism

Question 23

Pt incapacitated and Dr. makes decision based on what they think pt wants

Answer 23

Beneficence

Question 24

Erro occurs when study accepts alternative hypothesis when in fact there is no difference

Answer 24

Type I

Question 25

Erro occurs when the study fails to reject the null hypothesis when there IS in fact a difference

Answer 25

Type II

Question 26

Elements of informed consent

Answer 26

``` Dx, intervention risks and benefits alternatives and their risks and benefits assessment of pt understanding acceptance of intervention ```

Question 27

Dysthmic vs. MDD

Answer 27

``` Dysthmic = chronic, 2+ yrs and less severe MDD = 5 or more SIGECAPS ```

Question 28

Self-isolation, detachment, no affect

Answer 28

Schizoid

Question 29

Z-score

Answer 29

+2 = 2SD above the mean T-score used now where #s are estimates rather than actual population parameters

Question 30

15mo old suddenly stops talking, special interest in toys, very hard to disrupt, very upset when you move her toys, hand wringing, toe walking

Answer 30

Rhett syndrome

Question 31

Prospective study

Answer 31

Cohort

Question 32

Paid a contracted rate for each person

Answer 32

Capitation

Question 33

Age of social smile, follow/swipe object, lift head and shoulder

Answer 33

3mo

Question 34

Age able to roll, transfer objects, sleep all night, respond to "no", babbles

Answer 34

7mo

Question 35

Age of crawling, sitting, pincer grasp, first words

Answer 35

8-10mo

Question 36

Tourette's co-mordidities

Answer 36

ADHD, OCD, learning disorders, conduct disorder | Tx = haloperidol or fluphenazine

Question 37

Moodiness, worthlessness, splitting

Answer 37

Borderline personality

Question 38

Excessive emotions, attention-seeking, seductiveness

Answer 38

Histrionic

Question 39

Phases of drug trials

Answer 39

1 - healthy volunteers 2 - small # of disease sufferers = effectiveness 3 - large double-blind 4 - following release

Question 40

Relative risk ratio

Answer 40

risk of exposed group / risk of unexposed group

Question 41

Say different words but not yet sentences

Answer 41

18mo

Question 42

Run, stand on tip toes, stair w/ support, kick a ball, build a tower, 2-4 word sentences

Answer 42

24mo

Question 43

Bias commonly found in smoking, alcohol or exercise surveys

Answer 43

Social desirability bias

Question 44

More attention is paid to treatment group than placebo to ensure compliance

Answer 44

Procedure bias

Question 45

Age kids are able to stand on 1 foot, stairs W/O support, tell stories, colors, fantasy play

Answer 45

3-4yrs

Question 46

Dressing w/o assistance, triangle, 1 foot >10sec

Answer 46

4-5yrs