2.5

Question 1

Why did Canada go into a political deadlock?

Answer 1

Canada East and Canada West had equal say in the elected assembly and both sides blocked each others agenda.

Question 2

Why was “Rep by Pop” introduced by the West (English)?

Answer 2

A large increase in English settlers.

Question 3

Which two individuals agreed that The Act of the Union (1841) wasn’t working?

Answer 3

Cartier and Macdonald

Question 4

What were the poplation demographics of Canada East and Canada West in 1867?

Answer 4

The English speakinp population in Ontario vastly outnumbered the French.

Question 5

What was the population of Ontario and Quebec in 1867?

Answer 5

Ontario: 1.6 million
Quebec: 1.1 million

Question 6

What was the problem with the population numbers in Ontario and Quebec?

Answer 6

They had the same seats in government so no decisions were getting made. Ontario believed it wasn’t fair because they had the bigger population but no votes were being passed in legislation because everything was 50/50. There was no rep by pop when Quebec had the parger population because it was a British colony.

Question 7

What did France and Britain claim in the American Civil War?

Answer 7

Neutrality

Question 8

Even though Britain was neutral, what did she do?

Answer 8

Britain still needed cotton from the South which did not make the North and Abraham Lincoln happy.

Question 9

What happened while sailing to Britain to two confederate members?

Answer 9

They were taken hostage by the Americans.

Question 10

How many troops had the Americans deployed to Canada? How did Britain feel?

Answer 10

• 14000 troops

- Britain was scared

Question 11

Why would Canadian forces have been able to hold the Americans back if they attacked?

Answer 11

Lack of quick transportation (needed a rail system for defense).

Question 12

What was St. Alban’s Raid?

Answer 12

A group of confederate soldiers attacked Vermont then escaped back to Canada before being persecuted. Once again America threatened to attack Canada.

Question 13

What was the Trent affair?

Answer 13

In November 1861, an American warship stopped the British mail ship Trent which was heading back to Britain with two Confederate agents on Board. They were travelling to Britain to ask for British support for the Confederate cause. The Americans took the two agents prisoner despite the ship being in neutral waters. Britain threatened to retaliate if they did not let them go which they did because Abraham Lincoln didn’t want a war with Britain while he was already fighting a war in his own country.

Question 14

Why strengthened the fear that America would capture all of Canada with their “Manifest Destiny” craziness?

Answer 14

America purchased New Mexico and California and annexed Texas into their union. They were going further South then they ever had before. Scared they would go further North.

Question 15

What were the Fenian Raids?

Answer 15

In 1859 a group of Irishmen formed a brotherhood called the Fenians to promote the liberation of Ireland from British control. They believed that if they could capture some British North American colonies, they could hold the colonies ransom in return for Irelands freedom. In 1866, the Fensians made several attempts to raid British North America.

Question 16

Give an example of a Fenian Raid?

Answer 16

In the spring of 1866, the Fenians launched a small strike atgainst New Brunswick. Five Fenians crossed the border and tore down the Union Jack.

Question 17

What was the more serious Fenian Raid in May of 1866?

Answer 17

May 31, 1866
1500 Fenians crossed the Niagara River into Canada West. In the Battle of Ridgeway fighting took place between the Fenians and a force of Canadian milita and British soldiers. Six canadians died, and thirty were wounded.

Question 18

Till what year did Fenian raids continue?

Answer 18

1871

Question 19

What did the Fenian raids lead Canadians to believe?

Answer 19

That they needed a united defense because the fenian raids helped promote a desire for union among the BNA colonies.

Question 20

What were their movements towards in ninteenth century BNA in the maritimes?

Answer 20

An atlantic colony union

Question 21

What was the Charlottetown Conference? When did it take place?

Answer 21

• A conference to discuss the union of the atlantic colonies

- September, 1864

Question 22

What was New Brunswick’s biggest debate at the Charlottetown Conference? What was Nova Scotia’s? PEI? Remember, that Mcdonald and Cartier were there to try to convince them to join confederation instead of a atlantic colony union.

Answer 22

New Brunswick- the inter-colonial railway. Some believed it would be better with rail links to the US
Nova Scotia- most prosperous and populated of the Maritime provinces. Due to strong ties with Britain, it was influenced by pro-confederation attitude
PEI- almost entirely owned by people that did not live on the island and decided to wait before entering Confederatin.

Question 23

What did the coalition that showed up at the Charlottetown conference say to convince them to join Confederation?

Answer 23

A railway, their debts, and a centralized government.

Question 24

What did they discuss when they met the following month in Quebec City? What new group was present?

Answer 24

• They prepared 72 resolutions for their legislature to consider and agreed on a final meeting in London in 1866.
• Newfoundland observers were present.

Question 25

What was the key question at the Quebec Conference?

Answer 25

What form a union of the colonies would take.

Question 26

Who was the principle advocate for a legislative union? What is a legislative union?

Answer 26

• John A. Mcdonald
• One central government for the entire nation. He believed a strong central government was best insurence for the unity of a new nation

Question 27

What did the US Civil War demonstrate, in Mcdonald’s mind?

Answer 27

The dangers of a federal system in which the sates had been given too much power at the expense of the central (national) government.

Question 28

Who opposed a legislation union and why?

Answer 28

French Canadian leader and Atlantic Canada as they believed that their religion, culture and language would be in jeaoprady.

Question 29

What all worked towards Confederation?

Answer 29

1. French-English conflict
2. Short-lived governments
3. End of reciprocity with the United States
4. End of Free Trade with Britain
5. Trade barriers between colonies
6. Need for railway to improve trade between colonies
7. American Civil War
8. Fenian raids
9. Manifest Destiny
10. Need for a railway to assist troop movement in case of attack from the United States

a. Political deadlock in the Procince of Canada (1 and 2)
b. Economic challenges (3, 4, 5 and 6)
c. Pressures from the United States (7, 8, 9, and 10)

Canadian Confederation (a, b, and c)

Question 30

Who were the major drivers of Confederation?

Answer 30

Canada East and West

Question 31

What led to the Great Coalition (1864)?

Answer 31

Long-time political opponents, faced with continual political instability and deadlock.

Question 32

Who were the three major political figures?

Answer 32

John A, Mcdonald, George Etienne-Cartier, George Brown

Question 33

What are the 5 main points the three politicians argued?

Answer 33

1) A united colony would be much richer and stronger
2) There would be one army to protect Canada
3) One country is more important than several colonies
4) Interdependency rather than relying on foreign markets
5) Better funding for railway canals

Question 34

What did the Quebec Resolutions propose?

Answer 34

A federal union with authority divided between a new central government and provincial governments. This is the only thing that would be acceptable to Quebec and Atlantic Canada.

Question 35

What was the Reciprocity Treaty?

Answer 35

1854- allowed for free trade on products such as timber, grain, coal, livestock, and fish. In the spring of 1866, the US cancelled the Reciprocity Treaty becuase some Americans believed that if the US could cripple the economy of BNA, the British colonies would be forced into a union with the US.

Question 36

Why did Britain push for Confederation?

Answer 36

The BNA colonies were becoming a financial burden.

Question 37

Where the F.N peoples included in the Confederation process?

Answer 37

No chiefs were invited to the negotiation table and no land was set aside for their use.

Question 38

What happened to the F.N with Confederation?

Answer 38

They fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal government.

Question 39

What did the RPC ( previous act that involved F.N) set ot that Canadian government didn’t follow?

Answer 39

1) Treaties be made with First Nations to acquire land
2) British were to assist in settling disputes between First Nations and Europeans
3) As well as stating the special relationship between First Nations and the British Crown

Question 40

When was the next time the FN were dealt with?

Answer 40

1880s, when crippling government policies devestated FN culture in Canada.

Question 41

What challenges might the railway pose?

Answer 41

It would be very expensive and the colonies didn’t have much money.

Question 42

Why would Britain’s relationship with the US affect BNA?

Answer 42

They were a British colony. The blockade runners (St. Albans raid) probably came from BNA because the US and BNA shared borders. US figured that if Britain was still getting their cotton, they were sort of siding with the South. Britain sort of fear the North would retaliate by going after them. This woul dmake Canada see that they need to stick together and finish the railway to claim the west so the US didn’t get to it first.

Question 43

Discuss what the term manifest destiny was and why this would worry the early Canadians.

Answer 43

Manifest Destiny meant that the US felt as if it was their god-given right to have all of North America. It would worry the early Canadians because the US had already annexed Tesas in 1845 even though Mexico still claimed it and they also acquired New Mexico and California. Many thought that after the Civil War, they should focus on annexing BNA. It was a popular idea.

Question 44

What caused the Atlantic colonies to choose Confederation over a maritime union?

Answer 44

Better defence if they were united, centralized government would assume debts of the colonies that joined–> many colonies were burdened with debt from railway building.

Question 45

How might the indifference–whether perceived or real–might have influenced the desire for Confederaion within BNA?

Answer 45

The BNA colonies might have felt as if Britain was pushing them away. Britain stopped free trade, and supported the railway and the ideas of seperate and more individual colonial matters. These views made many Canadians feel as if they did not have any connection to Britain.

Question 46

Is there any evidence that the Atlantic colonies were dragged into Confederation? G

Answer 46

There is a bit of evidence in the fact that the US calcelled the Reciprocity Treaty. Britain kept pushing and may felt as if they had no choice. Also, representatives from the Canada’s kind of forced their way into the Charlottetown Conference.

Question 47

Take a historical perspective to view Confederation from the perspective of the First Nations. How have you been ocnsulted about confederation?

Answer 47

If I were a FN I woul dbe pissed off. They weren’t consulted at all–their opinion did not matter at all. It was as if they didn’t exist at all. It ws reminiscent of the way that they had be treated in the past with the various proclamations and land grants (Constitution Act, Rupert’s Land, Gradual Civilization Act).

Question 48

Examine the ethical dimensions of the Enfranchisement Act from both a historical and contemporary standpoint?

Answer 48

Historical: wanted to assimilate them, offering them an easy way to get the rights (most of) that the English people got, they assumed that they would want this, it ws a privledge, they had to right to have a sya
Contemporary: blackmail almost, the Europeans believed they were superior–they were alwas right–even when they were suppressing an entire group of people, they had no say–even when they were there first

Question 49

Why did Cartier want a federal style of government? In what ways do you think goals of Quebec politicans have changed and stayed the same?

Answer 49

Because all governing would not be done only by the national government but by the provinces as well. They would get to look after local concerns (language, religion, culture). Quebec is still going for seperatism these day so they really have stayed the same in that way. They have changed because they have adopted more European views and area more a part of the English culture than they were before.

Question 50

Why did Macdonald want a more centralized government than the US? What other people and groups forced him to modify his vision of Canada’s Government?

Answer 50

Macdonald wanted a more centralized government than the US because he believed that the Civil War happened because the states had been given too much power. Those that made him modify his vision were people like Cartier and Atlantic Canada who didn’t want to lose their regional identities.

Question 51

What groups were represented at the Confederation discussions? What groups were left out? What impact would this have on the future of Canada?

Answer 51

Represented: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada East and Canada West
No Represented: First Nations
This would cause problems because their views were not considered which made a very eurocentric Canada. Probably the reason why we are still supressing them today and the reason why they live in poverty or on reserves, etc.